Family Asterolecaniidae
Abditicoccus Lambdin & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Abditicoccus Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1975: 316. Type species: Amorphococcus acaciae Brain, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1975).
STRUCTURE: Planchonia includes 10 species, five of which are known to induce pits (Gullan et al., 2004).
CITATIONS: GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy: 277]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure, life history: 173-178]; KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy: 2]; LambdiKo1975 [taxonomy, description: 316-318]; LambdiKo1975a [taxonomy: 377].
Abditicoccus acaciae (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Amorphococcus acaciae Brain, 1918: 112. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, from stems of Acacia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1975: 316. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Abditicoccus acaciae; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1975: 316. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Brain1918, LambdiKo1975].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1918, LambdiKo1975].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1975).
STRUCTURE: The females of this species induces a flatl, circular, blister-like galls on the stems of Acacia sp. (Brain, 1918). A photograph of the galls given by Brain (1918) and by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1975).
CITATIONS: Brain1918 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-113]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; GiliomKo2008 [host, distribution: 277]; GullanMiCo2005 [host, distribution, life history, structure: 173-178]; LambdiKo1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-318]; LambdiKo1975a [taxonomy: 377].
Amorphococcus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Amorphococcus Green, 1902b: 261. Type species: Amorphococcus mesuae Green.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Green (1902b), Morrison & Morrison (1927), Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973, 1975a) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
SYSTEMATICS: Borchsenius (1959a: 841) assigned this genus to the Lecanodiaspididae. Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973: 4) concluded that Amorphococcus belonged to the Asterolecaniidae. Several species were assigned to Amorphococcus since it has been described by Green (1902b), but currently it includes only A. mesuae.
KEYS: Russell 1941: 4 (female) [Genera of subfamily Asterolecaniinae, family Asterolecaniidae].
CITATIONS: AfifiKo1969 [taxonomy: 3]; Borchs1959a [taxonomy: 841]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 221]; Green1902b [taxonomy, description: 261]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description: 342]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure, life history: 163,173-178]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy: 1, 3]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy: 2, 4, 54]; LambdiKo1975a [taxonomy, description: 376-381]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 189-190]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy: 2]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 8]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 3]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 280-281]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [taxonomy: 67]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy: 4].
Amorphococcus mesuae GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Amorphococcus mesuae Green, 1902b: 261. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Mesua ferrea. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1975a: 377. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Guttiferae: Mesua ferrea [Green1902b, Green1937, LambdiKo1975a, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1902b, Green1909a, Green1937, LambdiKo1975a, Varshn1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1902b, 1909a) and by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1975a).
STRUCTURE: Amorphococcus mesuae induces the formation of a rounded gall on smooth surface of twigs of Mesua ferrea, with a median apical aperture (Green, 1902b, 1937).
CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue: 57]; Green1902b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 261-262]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-344]; Green1918 [host, distribution: 144]; Green1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 286]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, structure: 163,173-178]; LambdiKo1975a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376-381]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 190]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 280-281]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 68].
Asterodiaspis SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis Signoret, 1877: ccix. Type species: Aonidia ilicicola Targioni Tozzetti. Subsequently designated by Russell, 1941: 109. Notes: Signoret (1877a) designated the nominal species Asterolecanium quercicola (Bouche, 1851) as the type species. However, Russell (1941, p. 109) studied the specimens (from Quercus ilex, Nice, France), that have been identified as A. quercicola by Signoret (1877a), and concluded that the latter record was a misidentification of A. ilicicola (Targioni Tozzetti).
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Signoret (1877), Russell (1941), Borchsenius (1960d), Hadzibejli (1983), Liu & Shi (1989, 1990, 1993), Tang & Hao (1995), Kosztarab (1996), Danzig (1998) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
SYSTEMATICS: Signoret (1877a) designated the nominal species Asterolecanium quercicola (Bouche, 1851) as the type species. However, Russell (1941, p. 109) studied the specimens (from Quercus ilex, Nice, France), that have been identified as A. quercicola by Signoret (1877a), and concluded that the latter record was a misidentification of A. ilicicola (Targioni Tozzetti).
KEYS: Giliomee & Kozar 2008: 277 (female) [Asterodiaspis species of South Africa]; Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 20-22 (female) [Asterolecaniidae genera of North and South America]; Kosztarab 1996: 289 (adult) [Northeastern North America]; Tang & Hao 1995: 290-291 (adult) [world]; Danzig 1988: 710 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Borchsenius 1960d: 177-178 (adult) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 133]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; Bodenh1951 [taxonomy: 328]; Borchs1950a [taxonomy: 781]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 174-177]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description: 329, 330]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, key: 710]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 85-86]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy: 277,285]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 90-91]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, key: 287-289]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 15]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 180]; LiuSh1989 [taxonomy, description: 39, 44-45]; LiuSh1990 [taxonomy, description: 85-86]; LiuSh1993 [taxonomy, description: 181-182, 187-188]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 19]; Paik1978 [taxonomy: 413]; PellizCa1991a [taxonomy, host: 196-197]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 4,109]; Signor1877 [taxonomy: 606]; Signor1877a [taxonomy: ccix]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description: 33,1-231]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 289-291]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 38]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36].
Asterodiaspis alba (Takahashi)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium album Takahashi, 1956c: 4. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, on Quercus glandulifera. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Asterodiaspis alba; Borchsenius, 1960d: 183. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Borchs1960d, Yang1982], Quercus glandulifera [Takaha1956c].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Liaoning [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, LiuSh1989, TangHa1995], Shandong (=Shantung) [TangHa1995]); Japan [Takaha1956c, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980, TangHa1995].
BIOLOGY: Liu & Shi (1989) reports that this species in China displays ecological dimorphism of leaf-form and stem-form.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981) and by Liu & Shi (1989). Description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981) and by Liu & Shi (1989). Description and illustration of the second-instar female nymph given by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.12).
KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-185]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 18]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 178]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 15]; LiuSh1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-50]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-5]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 291-292,571]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 131].
Asterodiaspis bella (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium bellum Russell, 1941: 50. Type data: ITALY: San Felice, on Quercus siver [=suber]. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Asterodiaspis bella; Borchsenius, 1960d: 179. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [KosztaKo1978, Moghad2013a], Quercus aegilops [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Quercus cerris [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Quercus humilis [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Quercus ilex [PellizFo1996], Quercus persica [Bodenh1943], Quercus suber [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, PellizFo1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Greece [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, StathaKaSk2013]; Hungary [Russel1941, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2013a]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, Borchs1960d]; Italy [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, BarbagBiBo1995]; Morocco [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]; Portugal [FrancoRuMa2011]; Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Turkey [ZekiUlKa2005].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 25]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution, host: 2,3,22]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 16]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 60]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 5]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizFo1996 [host, distribution: 132]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-51,243]; StathaKaSk2013 [distribution: 55]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 292-293]; ZekiUlKa2005 [host, distribution: 193].
Asterodiaspis biformis Liu & ShiNOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis biformis Liu & Shi, 1990: 86. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kunming (Xishan), on Quercus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Liu & Shi (1993) again described this species as n. sp.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Castanopsis delavayi [LiuSh1993], Quercus [LiuSh1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [LiuSh1990, LiuSh1993]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female and first-instar nymph given by Liu & Shi (1990, 1993).
STRUCTURE: Liu & Shi (1993) observed intraspecific variation in the shape of the 8-shaped pores (of the adult female) that is affected by the feeding site, i.e. leaf-form and stem-form.
SYSTEMATICS: Liu & Shi (1993) again described this species as n. sp., however, the 1990 description satisfied the Code requirements and the species should be dated 1990.
CITATIONS: LiuSh1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-89]; LiuSh1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-188]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38].
Asterodiaspis borboniae (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium borboniae Brain, 1920: 111. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Ceres, on leaves of Borbonia cordata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
Asterodiaspis borboniae; Giliomee & Kozar, 2008: 277. Change of combination.
HOST: Lauraceae: Borbonia cordata [Brain1920].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, male and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Giliomee & Kozar 2008: 285 (female) [South African species of Asterodiaspi]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy: 277, 285]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-54,244].
Asterodiaspis brevispinum (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium brevispinum Brain, 1920: 109. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Ceres, on veld bush. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Giliomee & Kozar, 2008: 277. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 21 CKB. Described: female. Illust.
Asterodiaspis brevispinum; Giliome & Kozar, 2008: 277. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Giliomee & Kozar 2008: 285 (female) [South African species of Asterodiaspi]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy: 277, 285]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-57,246].
Asterodiaspis changbaishanensis Liu & Zhang, Z.NOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis changbaishanensis Liu & Zhang, Z., 1989: 23. Type data: CHINA: Jilin, Helong, Changbai mountain areas, on Quercus robur, 11.10.1986. Syntypes. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus robur [LiuZh1989].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Jilin (=Kirin) [LiuZh1989, TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female and first-instar nymph given by Liu & Zhang (1989).
CITATIONS: LiuZh1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-26]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 293-294,572]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38].
Asterodiaspis deformis Shi & Liu nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis deformis Shi & Liu, 1991: 162. Nomen nudum.
CITATIONS: ShiLi1991 [taxonomy: 162]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38].
Asterodiaspis glandulifera Liu & ShiNOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis glandulifera Liu & Shi, 1989: 41. Type data: CHINA: Shandong Province, Qingdao, on leaves and stems of Quercus glandulifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus glandulifera [LiuSh1989, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shandong (=Shantung) [LiuSh1989, TangHa1995]).
BIOLOGY: Liu & Shi (1989) based the original description on stem-form and leaf-form of the adult female.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female and first-instar nymph given by Liu & Shi (1989). Tang & Hao (1995, p. 572-573) indicated great morphological similarity of this species to A. japonica.
SYSTEMATICS: Liu & Shi (1989) based the original description on stem-form and leaf-form of the adult female; holotype was not designated. Tang & Hao (1995, p. 572-573) indicated great morphological similarity of this species to A. japonica.
CITATIONS: LiuSh1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 294-295,572,695]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38].
Asterodiaspis hadzibeyliae BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis hadzibeyliae Borchsenius, 1960d: 181. Type data: ARMENIA: Megrinskyi district, near Lichk, on Quercus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1960d].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d).
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-183]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 16]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 295-296].
Asterodiaspis ilicicola (Targioni Tozzetti)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis quercicola; Signoret, 1877: 606. Misidentification; discovered by Russell, 1941: 109.
Asterodiaspis quercicola; Signoret, 1877a: ccix. Misidentification; discovered by Russell, 1941: 109.
Aonidia ilicicola Targioni Tozzetti, 1888: 423. Type data: ITALY: on leaves of Quercus ilex. Syntypes. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material lots (G. Pellizzri, in letter to Yair Ben-Dov).
Asterolecanium ilicicola; Targioni Tozzetti, 1893: 285. Change of combination.
Planchonia ilicis Newstead, 1897a: 100. Type data: ALGERIA: Constantine, top of extreme corner of the spur of M'cid opposite the Kasba, on the scrub; collected 23.x.1895. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 107.
Asterodiaspis ilicicola; Borchsenius, 1960d: 193, 194. Change of combination.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphycus asterolecani Mercet [GomezM1959].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Martin1984MP], Quercus coccifera [Russel1941], Quercus ilex [Targio1893, Russel1941, Martin1984MP, PellizCa1991a, PellizFo1996], Quercus rotundifolia [VillagMaSo1999], Quercus suber [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Russel1941]; Corsica [Russel1941, Foldi2003]; Croatia [Masten2007]; France [Russel1941, Foldi2001]; Greece [StathaKaSk2013]; Italy [Targio1893, Russel1941, PellizCa1991a]; Portugal [FrancoRuMa2011]; Sardinia [Melis1930, PellizFo1996]; Spain [Russel1941, GomezM1948, Martin1984MP, VillagMaSo1999]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007].
BIOLOGY: Colonies of these scales settle on the upper surface of leaves of Q. ilex.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, male and nymphs described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
SYSTEMATICS: "Asterolecanium ilicis, described by Newstead in 1897 (p.100) as Planchonia ilicis on "scurb" from Constantine, Algeria, was listed as a synonym of variolosum by Lindinger in 1912 (280, 360), but has been accepted as a valid species by some authors, including Balachowsky (1932d, p. xxiv). Newstead stated that ilicis was closely related to ilicicola, but that the two could be differentiated by the absence of a marginal fringe from the tests of the former and the presence of such a fringe on those of the latter. This is not satisfactory for separating the two forms. Newstead did not compare the morphological characters of these species, and type material of ilicis has been available to the writer. Specimens on Quercus from Constantine, Algeria, have been studied, however, and have been found specifically identical with specimens of ilicicola from Europe. Since there is no information in the original description to warrant the retention of ilicis as a valid species, and since specimens from its type host and locality belong to ilicicola, ilicis is here [Russell, 1941] synonymized with ilicicola." (Russell, 1941: 107-108).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Balach1932d [taxonomy: 21,22,29,65,160]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; BerlesLe1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: No.47]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, host: 135]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy, host, distribution: 78]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 51]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,3,22]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233-234]; GomezM1948 [host, distribution: 78]; GomezM1957 [host, distribution: 63]; GomezM1959 [taxonomy, description, host, description: 181-183]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 16]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240, 256]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 360]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 63]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; Newste1897a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizCa1991a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 198]; PellizFo1996 [host, distribution: 133]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-108,266]; SoriaViMa1998 [life history, ecology: 307-312]; StathaKaSk2013 [distribution, host: 55-57]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 296]; Targio1888 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 423]; Targio1893 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 285-295]; VillagMaSo1999 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 49-61].
Asterodiaspis inermis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis inermis Borchsenius, 1960d: 205. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan province, near Kunming, in forest near the Black Dragon temple, on Quercus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, TangHa1995]).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 133]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-207]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 16]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 297, 572]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 134].
Asterodiaspis japonica (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium variolosum japonicum Cockerell, 1900f: 71. Type data: JAPAN: on Quercus glandulifera. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Asterolecanium japonicum; Takahashi, 1934: 4. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium (Asterodiaspis) japonicum; Kawai, 1972: 19. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus [Takaha1934, Yang1982], Quercus [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, TangHa1995], Quercus glandulifera [Cocker1900f, Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [TangHa1995]. Palaearctic: China (Liaoning [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]); Japan [Cocker1900f, Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980] (Kyushu [Russel1941]); Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Borchsenius (1960d). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Russell (1941) and by Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Figs 8.13, a,b).
KEYS: Danzig 1988: 710 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Boraty1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-14]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-191]; Cocker1900f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 71]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 54]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 179]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 16]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 180]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115,269]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; Takaha1934 [taxonomy, description, hot, distribution: 4]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description: 5]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 297-298, 572]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38-39]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 222]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 131].
Asterodiaspis liui BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis liui Borchsenius, 1960d: 191. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan province, south of Semao, in forest, on Fagaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae [Borchs1960d, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 134]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-193]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 298]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 134].
Asterodiaspis luteola (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium luteolum Russell, 1941: 124. Type data: JAPAN: on Quercus serrata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Asterodiaspis luteola; Borchsenius, 1960d: 180. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: yellow oak scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Koszta1996], Quercus serrata [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, TangHa1995, Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Pennsylvania [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Koszta1996, StumpfLa2006]). Palaearctic: Japan [Russel1941, Borchs1960d] [StumpfLa2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Kosztarab (1996) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Adult female described by Borchsenius (1960d).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 180-181]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 292-293]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 16-17]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124-125,274]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-36]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 299].
Asterodiaspis minor (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium variolosum minor Leonardi, 1909: No.107. Nomen nudum.
Asterolecanium minus Russell, 1941: 132. Type data: ITALY: on Quercus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Asterolecanium minus; Schmutterer et al., 1957: 451. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Lindinger" as author.
Asterodiaspis minus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 202. Change of combination.
Asterodiaspis minus; Hadzibejli, 1983: 91. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as "Lindinger".
Asterolecanium minus; Varshney, 1985a: 23. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as "Lindinger".
Asterolecanium minus; Gill, 1993: 100. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as "Lindinger".
Asterodiaspis minus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 300. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as "Lindinger".
Asterodiaspis minus; Kozar, 1999a: 140. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as "Lindinger".
Asterodiaspis mina Ben-Dov, 2006b: 41. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 406.
Asterodiaspis minor; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 406. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Russel1941, Bodenh1943, Borchs1949d, Ferris1955a], Quercus agrifolia [Gill1993], Quercus boissieri [SpodekBeMe2014], Quercus calliprinos [SpodekBeMe2014], Quercus cerris [Russel1941], Quercus dilatata [Varshn1992], Quercus douglasii [Gill1993], Quercus incana [Varshn1992], Quercus infectoria [Bodenh1944b, Moghad2013a], Quercus ithaburensis [SpodekBeMe2014], Quercus kelloggii [Gill1993], Quercus lanuginosa [Russel1941], Quercus lobata [Gill1993], Quercus montana [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Quercus pedunculata [Russel1941], Quercus petreae [Kozar1999a], Quercus robur [Boraty1961].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [BrownEa1965a, HechtPCoPa1989, PritchBe1950, PritchBe1950a, Gill1993], Pennsylvania [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Stimme1986c]). Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949d, Borchs1960d]; Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan [Borchs1960d]); Georgia [Borchs1960d, Hadzib1983]; Germany [Russel1941]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2013a]; Iraq [Bodenh1943]; Israel [SpodekBeMe2014]; Italy [Russel1941]; Poland [Russel1941]; Turkey [Russel1941]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1960d], Zakarpat'ye (=Transcarpathia) Oblast [Borchs1960d]); United Kingdom (England [Boraty1961]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Gill (1993).
SYSTEMATICS: Leonardi (1909) first published the name Asterolecanium variolosum minor with a short notation reading "Vive su parecchie specie di Quercus. Gli esemplari furono raccolti in varie localita dell'Italia meridionale." Lindinger (1912) synonymized Asterolecanium variolosum minor with Asterolecanium variolosum. Russell (1941) suggested that Lindinger's (1912) action validated the name Asterolecanium variolosum minor of Leonardi (1909), and therefore credited the authorship of Asterolecanium minus which she described (Russell, 1941) to Lindinger. However, Leonardi (1909) publication did not meet the requirements of Article 12 of the International Code, and the synonymy by Lindinger (1912) did not validate the nomen nudum. Consequently, the author of A. mina is Russell.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Pritchard & Beer (1950, 1950a) studied the life history and chemical control on oaks in California. A serious pest of oaks in California. Causes severe debilitation and sometimes death of the trees (Gill, 1993). Hecht-Poinar et al. (1989) found a positive correlation between the disease severity of twig blight of oaks in California (USA) and the infestation rate of A. mina.
KEYS: Boratynski 1961: 12 (female) [United Kingdom]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 25]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 87]; Boraty1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-13]; Borchs1949d [taxonomy, host, distribution : 157]; Borchs1950b [description, host, distribution: 136]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-205]; BrownEa1965a [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 11-13]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 17,25]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 100, 108]; Hadzib1983 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 91-92]; HechtPCoPa1989 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 15-16]; Koehle1964a [host, distribution, chemical control: 579-581]; KoehleTa1964 [host, distribution: 146-150]; Kozar1999a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 140]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-253]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 1]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 5]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 406]; PritchBe1950 [chemical control, biology, host, distribution: 494-497]; PritchBe1950a [chemical control, life history, host, distribution: 9, 14]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-133,272]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 63]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; SpodekBeMe2014 [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 100,112,115,117,119]; Stimme1986c [host, distribution, description, life history, economic importance, control: 13-14]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 300-301]; Terezn1967a [taxonomy, distribution: 475]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 70].
Asterodiaspis multipora Liu & ShiNOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis multipora Liu & Shi, 1989: 42. Type data: CHINA: Shangdong, Qingdao, on leaves and stems of Quercus acutissima. Syntypes. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus acutissima [LiuSh1989, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shandong (=Shantung) [LiuSh1989]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Liu & Shi (1989) based the original description on stem-form and leaf-form of the adult female; holotype was not designated. Tang & Hao (1995, p. 572-573) indicated great morphological similarity of this species to A. japonica.
SYSTEMATICS: Liu & Shi (1989) based the original description on stem-form and leaf-form of the adult female; holotype was not designated. Tang & Hao (1995, p. 572-573) indicated great morphological similarity of this species to A. japonica.
CITATIONS: LiuSh1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-50]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 301, 573]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39].
Asterodiaspis perplexa (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium perplexum Russell, 1941: 151. Type data: JAPAN: on Quercus phillyraeoides; collected I. Kuwana, 5 December, 1932. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 85. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Asterodiaspis perplexa; Borchsenius, 1960d: 201. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium (Asterodiaspis) perplexum; Kawai, 1972: 19. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus phillyraeoides [Russel1941, Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Adult female described by Borchsenius (1960d).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 201-202]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 179]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 17]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153,285]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description: 5].
Asterodiaspis polypora Shi & liuNOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis polypora Shi & liu, 1990: 27. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, on leaves and stems of Quercus sp. Syntypes. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [LiuSh1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [ShiLi1990]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of leaf-form and stem-form of the adult female given by Shi & Liu (1990).
CITATIONS: ShiLi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-30]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162].
Asterodiaspis quercicola (Bouche)NOMENCLATURE:
Lecanium quercicola Bouche, 1851: 112. Type data: GERMANY: probably Berlin, on oak. Syntypes. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Russell, 1941; Sachtleben, 1944).
Asterolecanium quercicola; Signoret, 1870a: 279. Change of combination.
Planchonia quercicola; Cockerell, 1892a: 72. Change of combination.
Planchonia (Asterolecanium) quercicola; Craw, 1896: 43. Change of combination.
Asterodiaspis quercicola; Borchsenius, 1960d: 197. Change of combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Habrolepis dalmani (Westwood) [Podsia1987], Metaphycus asterolecanii (Mercet) [Podsia1987].
HOSTS: Fagacaea: Quercus infectoria [MoghadTa2010]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Borchs1950b, Bodenh1953a, Ferris1955a, KosztaKo1978, Gill1993, Moghad2013a], Quercus [Boraty1961, Podsia1975a, UygunSeEr1998], Quercus alba [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Borchs1960d], Quercus argenteo-marginata [Russel1941], Quercus bicolor [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Quercus ilex [Leonar1920], Quercus pedunculata [Lindin1909b, Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Quercus persica [MoghadTa2010], Quercus pontica [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Quercus robur [Russel1941, Boraty1961, Podsia1975a, MalumpOsPy2010], Quercus sessiliflora laciniata [Russel1941], Quercus sessiliflora [Lindin1909b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Green1907, Leonar1920, Borchs1960d]; South Africa [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. Australasian: Australia [Green1907, Leonar1920]; New Zealand [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. Nearctic: United States of America (California [Russel1941, BrownEa1965a, Gill1993], New York [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], North Carolina [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Washington [Russel1941]). Neotropical: Jamaica [Green1907, Leonar1920]. Palaearctic: Austria [Lindin1909b]; France [Russel1941, Foldi2001]; Georgia [Borchs1960d]; Germany [Lindin1909b, Russel1941]; Hungary [KosztaKo1978, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [Moghad2013a]; Ireland [Russel1941]; Italy [Lindin1909b, Leonar1920]; Latvia [Borchs1960d]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2010]; Poland [Podsia1975a]; Portugal [FrancoRuMa2011]; Russia (Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004]); Turkey [Bodenh1953a, Borchs1960d, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Khar'kov Oblast [Borchs1960d]); United Kingdom (England [Boraty1961, MalumpBa2012]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Ferris (1955a) and by Gill (1993). Test of female, male and nymph described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Gill (1993) indicated that it could be detrimental to oaks in California.
KEYS: Giliomee & Kozar 2008: 285 (female) [South African species of Asterodiaspis]; Boratynski 1961: 12 (female) [United Kingdom]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Boraty1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-13]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 197-198]; Bouche1851 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 112]; BrownEa1965a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 11-13]; Cocker1892a [taxonomy : 79]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 330]; Craw1896 [host, distribution, economic importance: 43]; Dougla1886 [host, distribution: 250]; Fergus1989 [biological control, distribution, host, economic importance: 257-263]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 52-53]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution, illustration: 25, 30]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution, taxonomy: 2,3,22]; Frogga1897 [host, distribution: 6]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 758-759]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 107]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 528]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy: 277, 285]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 101, 109]; GrandpCh1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 42]; Green1907 [distribution: 198]; Hadzib1950 [host, distribution: 257]; Hadzib1983 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 92-93]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; King1899a [host, distribution: 112]; Kiritc1928a [host, distribution: 213]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 26]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 165]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 16]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 139]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 17]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 60]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 253-256]; Lindin1909b [host, distribution: 220]; Lindin1939 [taxonomy: 38]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 27]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 258-259]; Marlat1899c [host, distribution, ecology: 75]; Maskel1894 [taxonomy: 95]; Maskel1896b [distribution: 396]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 1]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 5]; MoghadTa2010 [host, distribution: 30-31]; Newste1900a [host, distribution: 219]; OConnoGeMa2013 [distribution, host: 32, 33]; Podsia1974a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 75-102]; Podsia1975a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 212-213]; Podsia1987 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 185-188]; Podsia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 3-8]; Rubsaa1894 [host, distribution: 200]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-175,293]; Saccar1895 [host, distribution: 49]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 868]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 279]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 606]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 302-303]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191].
Asterodiaspis repugnans (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium repugnans Russell, 1941: 176. Type data: FRANCE: Cannes, on Quercus ilex. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Asterodiaspis repugnans; Borchsenius, 1960d: 185. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d], Quercus ilex [Russel1941, PellizCa1991a], Quercus lanuginosa [Russel1941], Quercus pubescens [PellizCa1991a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [TrenchGoTr2008, TrenchGoTr2009]; France [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]; Georgia [Borchs1960d]; Greece [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d, TrenchGoTr2008, TrenchGoTr2009]; Italy [PellizCa1991a, BarbagBiBo1995]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-187]; Hadzib1957a [distribution: 100-102]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 17]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-177,294]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; StathaKaSk2013 [distribution: 55]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 303-304]; TrenchGoTr2008 [host, distribution: 137-141]; TrenchGoTr2009 [host, distribution: 222].
Asterodiaspis roboris (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium roboris Russell, 1941: 177. Type data: AUSTRIA: Laaerberg, on Quercus pubescens; sent by M. Beier. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Asterodiaspis roboris; Borchsenius, 1960d: 179, 180. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus lusitanica [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d, KosztaKo1978], Quercus pubescens [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d, PellizCa1991a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]; Hungary [KosztaKo1978]; Italy [PellizCa1991a, BarbagBiBo1995]; Spain [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Adult female described by Borchsenius (1960d).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179, 180]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 136]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 17-18]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, structure: 52]; Pelliz1987 [host, distribution: 118]; PellizCa1991a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 193-209]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-178,295]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 304-305].
Asterodiaspis suishae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium suishae Russell, 1941: 203. Type data: TAIWAN: Suisha, on Lithocarpus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Asterodiaspis suishae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 177. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Russel1941, TangHa1995]. Palaearctic: China [Yang1982].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 134]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 177]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-205,305]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 305-306, 573]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].
Asterodiaspis szetshuanensis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis szetshuanensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 199. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan Province, Omoishan, on Fagaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Asterodiaspis szetchuanensis; Tao, 1999: 39. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Fagaceae [Borchs1960d, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Borchs1960d, Yang1982]).
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-201]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 18]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 306-307,573]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 134].
Asterodiaspis variabilis (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium variabile Russell, 1941: 217. Type data: CHINA: Shangtung, Tsingtao, on Quercus variabilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Asterodiaspis variabile; Borchsenius, 1960d: 198. Change of combination.
Asterodiaspis variabilis; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 46. Notes: Ben-Dov, change name to agree in gender
COMMON NAME: variable oak scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Castanea sequinii [StumpfLa2006], Quercus acuta [StumpfLa2006], Quercus variabilis [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shandong (=Shantung) [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995, StumpfLa2006]); Japan [Borchs1960d].
BIOLOGY: Liu & Shi (1990a) reported from China on leaf-form and stem-form.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russel (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Liu & Shi (1990a) reported on occurrence of leaf-form and stem-form in China. Description and illustration of both forms in first-instar nymph by Li & Shi (1990a).
SYSTEMATICS: Liu & Shi (1990a) reported from China on leaf-form and stem-form of this species.
KEYS: Stumpf & lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [catalogue: 46]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-199]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 18]; LiuSh1990a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-36]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-218,313]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-39]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 307, 573]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; WangDiLi2004 [distribution, biological control: 371-374]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 134].
Asterodiaspis variolosa (Ratzeburg)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus variolosus Ratzeburg, 1870: 187. Type data: GERMANY: Kunersdorf, near Potsdam, on oak. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Russell, 1941).
Asterolecanium variolosum; Hagen, 1887: 60. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium variolosum; Cockerell, 1899j: 269. Change of combination.
Asterodiaspis variolosa; Borchsenius, 1960d: 194. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: eichen-pockenschildlaus [SchmutKlLu1957]; golden oak scale [BrownEa1965a, StumpfLa2006]; pit-making oak scale [MalumpKa2011a].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Euaphycus variolosus Alam [Alam1959], Habrolepis dalmani (Westwood) [Podsia1987], Metaphycus asterolecanii (Mercet) [Podsia1987].
HOSTS: Fagacaea: Quercus calliprinos [BenDov2012, SpodekBeMe2014], Quercus ithaburensis [BenDov2012]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Brain1920, Boraty1961, KosztaKo1978, Yang1982, Koszta1996], Quercus [Podsia1975, Podsia1990], Quercus alba [StumpfLa2006], Quercus cerris pectinata [Leonar1908a], Quercus coccifera [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1926], Quercus concordia [Russel1941], Quercus ilex [GomezM1937, Martin1984MP], Quercus kelloggii [Gill1993], Quercus lusitanica [Martin1984MP], Quercus montana [StumpfLa2006], Quercus palustris [StumpfLa2006], Quercus pedunculata [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Quercus pedunculata thomasii [Russel1941], Quercus petreae [Kozar1999a], Quercus prinus [StumpfLa2006], Quercus pubescens [GomezM1937, Martin1984MP], Quercus robur [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Podsia1972, Podsia1974, Lagows1986, Gill1993, MalumpOsPy2010], Quercus robur monstrosa cucullata [Russel1941], Quercus robur [Podsia1975, Podsia1975a, Gertss2005, StumpfLa2006], Quercus rubra [StumpfLa2006], Quercus sessiliflora [Lizery1922a], Quercus sessilis mespilifolia [Russel1941], Quercus sideroxyla [Russel1941, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920]. Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Russel1941], Western Australia [Russel1941]); New Zealand [StumpfLa2006]. Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [StumpfLa2006], Ontario [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996, StumpfLa2006], Quebec [StumpfLa2006]); United States of America (California [Ferris1955a, BrownEa1965a, Gill1993], Connecticut [Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Illinois [Koszta1996], Indiana [Koszta1996], Maine [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Michigan [Koszta1996], Missouri [Ferris1955a], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York [Koszta1996], Ohio [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Rhode Island [Koszta1996], Vermont [Koszta1996], Virginia [Russel1941, Koszta1996], Washington [Russel1941, Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Lizery1922a, GranarCl2003]); Brazil [StumpfLa2006]; Chile (Santiago [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]); Jamaica [StumpfLa2006]. Palaearctic: Algeria [StumpfLa2006]; Austria [Russel1941, MalumpKa2011a]; Bulgaria [TsalevVu1963]; Canary Islands [StumpfLa2006]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Czech Republic [Russel1941]; France [Foldi2000]; Germany [Russel1941]; Greece [MilonaKoKo2008a, StathaKaSk2013]; Hungary [KosztaKo1978, KozarKo2002b, KozarKiSa2004]; Israel [Bodenh1924, StumpfLa2006, SpodekBeMe2014]; Italy [BarbagBiBo1995, MatilePe2002]; Japan [StumpfLa2006]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1960d, StumpfLa2006]; Latvia [MalumpOs2008]; Lebanon [Bodenh1926, Bodenh1924]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009, MalumpOsPy2010]; Madeira Islands [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006]; Morocco [StumpfLa2006]; Poland [Podsia1972, Podsia1974, Podsia1975, Podsia1975a, Podsia1990, LagowsKo1996, GolanLaJa2001]; Portugal [Seabra1942, FrancoRuMa2011]; Russia (Kursk Oblast [Borchs1960d], Rostov Oblast [Borchs1960d], Tambov Oblast [Borchs1960d], Volgograd Oblast [Borchs1960d], Voronoezh Oblast [Borchs1960d]); Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; South Korea [Paik1978]; Spain [GomezM1937, Martin1984MP]; Sweden [Ossian1951, Gertss2000, Gertss2001, Gertss2005]; Switzerland [Russel1941]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007]; United Kingdom (England [Russel1941, Boraty1961, MalumpBa2012]); Uzbekistan (Samarkand Oblast [Borchs1960d], Tashkent Oblast [Borchs1960d]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Borchsenius (1960d), Gill (1993), Kosztarab (1996) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Test of female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). First-instar described and illustrated by Borchsenius (1960d).
KEYS: Boratynski 1961: 12 (female) [United Kingdom]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Giliomee & Kozar 1008: 285 (female) [South African species of Asterodiaspi].
CITATIONS: Alam1957 [biological control: 421-466]; Alam1959 [biological control: 35-40]; Archan1923 [host, distribution: 260]; Archan1937 [taxonomy: 65]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Bartle1969 [biological control: 875-878]; Bartle1978a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 47-48]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 24,44]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 44]; Boraty1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-13]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy: 67-68]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-197]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110]; BrownEa1965a [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 11-13]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 238]; Clark1937 [distribution, host, economic importance: 585-588]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 269]; Cotte1912 [host, distribution: 174,183]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; Evans1939JW [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 199-205]; Fergus1989 [biological control, distribution, host, economic importance: 257-262]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 53]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; Flesch1960 [biological control: 183-208]; Foldi1997 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 205]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,3,22]; Gavalo1932a [host, distribution: 152]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 107]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 151-152]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005 [host, distribution: 38]; Gertss2011 [distribution, host: 41]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 278, 285]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 101-102,111]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 136]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; GomezM1959 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178-181]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 201]; GonzalRo1967 [biological control, distribution: 138]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 627]; Green1928 [taxonomy, description: 8]; Hagen1887 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 60]; Heptin1971 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-5]; Houard1911 [structure: 3-25]; Houard1913 [host, distribution: 1]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 125]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaweck1935 [host, distribution: 74]; Kaweck1936a [host, distribution: 320]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; Kiritc1928a [host, distribution: 213]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 26]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 165]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 16]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 297-298]; KosztaKo1978 [illustration, host, distribution: 139]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 140]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 18]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 60]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 376]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 477]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 35]; Leonar1908a [host, distribution: 155]; Leonar1909 [host, distribution: 115]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-253]; LepineMi1931 [host, distribution: 250]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 130]; Lindin1939 [taxonomy: 38]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 146]; Lizery1922a [host, distribution: 100]; Lizery1938 [host, distribution: 348]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 27]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 51-52]; MalumpOs2008 [host, distribution: 108]; MalumpOsPy2009 [host, distribution: 124]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 259]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 356]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; Nichol1933 [host, distribution, biological control: 24-26]; OConnoGeMa2013 [distribution, host, illustration: 32, 33, 35]; Ossian1951 [host, distribution: 6]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, distribution: 413]; Parr1940 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, structure: 1-49]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 61]; Podsia1972 [taxonomy, biology, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-404]; Podsia1974 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 487-530]; Podsia1975 [life history, host, distribution: 349-355]; Podsia1975a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 213-214]; Podsia1987 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 185-188]; Podsia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 3-8]; Podsia1990 [taxonomy, life history, description, host, distribution: 363-371]; Ratzeb1870 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-220,313]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution: 563]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 452]; Seabra1942 [taxonomy : 2]; Seabra1942 [distribution: 2]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 103]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 239]; SpodekBeMe2014 [distribution, host, illustration: 101,115,117]; StathaKaSk2013 [distribution: 55]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-45]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Szulcz1921 [host, distribution: 79]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Szulcz1927 [host, distribution: 137]; Szulcz1931 [host, distribution: 124-135]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 308]; Terezn1969 [host, distribution: 63]; Thomps1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 479-482]; TsalevVu1963 [host, distribution, life history, control: 24-29]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 353]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 39,47].
Asterodiaspis viennae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium viennae Russell, 1941: 222. Type data: AUSTRIA: near Vienna, Rekawinkel, on Quercus cerris. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Asterodiaspis viennae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 187. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Viennese pit scale [MalumpKa2011a].
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus cerris [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d, KosztaKo1978].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]; Hungary [Borchs1960d, KozarKoFe2013].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 136]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 18]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 51-52]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-223,315]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 309].
Asterolecanium Targioni TozzettiNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 734. Type species: Coccus aureus Boisduval (= Lecanium epidendri Bouche), by monotypy.
Astenolecanium; Tang & Hao, 1995: 333. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Signoret (1877), Russell (1941), Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1955a), Borchsenius (1960d), Kawai (1980), Hadzibejli (1983), Williams & Watson (1990), Gill (1993), Tang & Hao (1995), Liu & Shi (1989, 1990, 1993), Kosztarab (1996), Danzig (1998) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 20-22 (female) [Asterolecaniidae genera of North and South America]; Kosztarab 1996: 289 (adult) [Northeastern North America]; Tang & Hao 1995: 336 (adult); Gill 1993: 97-98 (adult) [USA, California]; Williams & Watson 1990: 192, 194 (adult) [Tropical South Pacific]; Kawai 1980: 175 (adult) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1960d: 158 (adult) [Russia]; Ferris 1955a: 14 (adult) [North America]; Borchsenius 1950b: 134-136 (adult) [Russia]; Zimmerman 1948: 278 (adult) [Hawaii]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (adult female) [World]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larvae) [World]; Ehrhorn 1916: 235 (adult) [Hawaii].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 134,146-147]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; Balach1948b [taxonomy: 251,256]; BenDov1990c [taxonomy, description: 97,98]; Bodenh1949 [taxonomy: 7]; Bodenh1951 [taxonomy: 328]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 116]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description: 169-170]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, key: 132-136]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 154,157,158,172]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 77]; Cocker1896 [taxonomy: 8]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 275]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, key: 234-235]; Enderl1914 [taxonomy: 369]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 15-30]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description: 756-757]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 85-89]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy: 276-288]; Gill1993 [taxonomy: 97-98]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 232]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy: 135]; GomezM1959 [taxonomy: 177-178]; Green1896e [taxonomy: 14-17]; Green1909a [taxonomy: 293-295,311-314]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; Houard1911 [structure: 3-25]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, key: 174-175]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 19]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 336]; LiuSh1993 [taxonomy: 181-182]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 188-189]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 18]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 33]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 251-264]; Miller1996 [catalogue: 69]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy: 3]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 19, 177]; Paik1978 [taxonomy: 413]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description: 1-319]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 686]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description: 45-46,1-231]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 335-336]; Tao1978 [taxonomy: 77]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 39]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, description: 734]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23-24]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 320]; Willia2007a [taxonomy: 1346]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, key: 192, 194]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 277-278].
Asterolecanium acaciae Morrison & MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium acaciae Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 3. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, on twigs of Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [MorrisMo1927].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [MorrisMo1927]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3, 4]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-38].
Asterolecanium agavis RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium agavis Russell, 1941: 40. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, El Paso, on Agave palmeri. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Agave pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave [Russel1941], Agave lecheguilla [Ferris1955a, StumpfLa2006], Agave palmeri [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, StumpfLa2006], Yucca [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, StumpfLa2006], Yucca brevifolia [Gill1993, StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [StumpfLa2006]; United States of America (Arizona [Gill1993], California [Gill1993], Texas [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Gill1993]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Gill (1993) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [illustration, host, distribution: 18-19]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98,105]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-41,239]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-49].
Asterolecanium beilunense Hu in: Hu, Sun & ChenNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium beilunensis Hu in: Hu, Sun & Chen, 1988: 193. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang, Ningbo, on branch of Thea sp.; collected December 21, 1985. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanghai: Shanghai Institute of Entomology, China. Described: female. Illust.
Asterolecanium beilunense; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 406. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
HOST: Theaceae: Thea [HuSuCh1988].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [HuSuCh1988]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hu, Sun & Chen (1988).
CITATIONS: HuSuCh1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-195]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 406]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39].
Asterolecanium borneense RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium borneense Russell, 1941: 54. Type data: INDONESIA: British North Borneo, Tawao, Elphinstone Province, on Quercus borneensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus borneensis [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Kalimantan (=Borneo) [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-55,244].
Asterolecanium bornmuelleri RubsaamenNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium bornmuelleri Rubsaamen, 1902a: 316. Type data: IRAN: Province of Farsistan, near Myan-Kotel, between Schiraz and Kazerun, on Quercus persica. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material not traced (Russell, 1941).
Asterolecanium bornmuelleri; Lindinger, 1912b: 61. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Russell, 1941: 229.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus persica [Rubsaa1902, Moghad2013a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [Signor1870a, Rubsaa1902, Moghad2013a].
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941, p.229) interpretede that this is a valid species, and not a synonym of A. variolosum as suggested by Lindinger (1912: 61, 360).
CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue: 50]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 19]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 61,360]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 5]; Rubsaa1902a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 314-316,336]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229].
Asterolecanium cinnamomi BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium cinnamomi Borchsenius, 1960d: 161. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, 25 km south of Semao, on Cinnamomum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Sichuan (=Szechwan) [TangHa1995], Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]).
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 19]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 337, 577]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124].
Asterolecanium coffeae NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium coffeae Newstead, 1911a: 161. Type data: D. [=DEUTSCHE] OST AFRIKA [=GERMAN EAST AFRICA] [=TANZANIA]: Magrotto, on Coffea arabica; collected Prof. A. Zimmermann, August 1902. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The type locality is DEUTSCHE OST AFRIKA [=GERMAN EAST AFRICA] [=TANZANIA]: Magrotto. Rusell (1941) erroneously cited it as Dutch East Africa.
COMMON NAMES: fringed scale of coffee [SchmutKlLu1957]; yellow fringed scale [SchmutKlLu1957].
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus hemilecanii Compere [Comper1940a].
HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda [James1933]. Rosaceae: Photinia japonica [James1933]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Newste1911a, Russel1941], Coffeae arabica [Newste1911a, James1933].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Laing1929a, James1933, Russel1941]; Tanzania [Newste1911a]; Uganda [Gowdey1917].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: James (1933) reported this species to cause heavy damage in certain low-lying coffee areas in Kenya. On crop-bearing parts of coffee trees it inflicts serious injury.
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Comper1940a [host, distribution, biological control: 7-33]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 187]; James1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 421-427]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution : 467]; Newste1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161, 162]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68,250]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy: 84]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 450]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 337-338].
Asterolecanium conimbrigense SaraivaNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium conimbrigensis Saraiva, 1936a: 1. Type data: PORTUGAL: presumably from near Coimbra, on Quercus humilis and on Quercus hybrida. Holotype. Illust.
Asterolecanium conimbrigense; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 406. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus humilis [Saraiv1936a], Quercus hybrida [Saraiv1936a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Portugal [Saraiv1936a].
CITATIONS: KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 19]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 406]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229]; Saraiv1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-18]; Seabra1941 [taxonomy: 7].
Asterolecanium corallinum TakahashiNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium corallinus Takahashi, 1928: 339. Type data: TAIWAN: Keelung, on twigs of Sideroxylon ferrugineum. Holotype.
Asterolecanium corallinum; Russell, 1941: 71. Justified emendation.
HOST: Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon ferrugineum [Takaha1928, Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1928, Russel1941, TangHa1995]. Palaearctic: China [Yang1982].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium ].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71,251]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-340]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 339,577]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124].
Asterolecanium cristatum FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium cristatum Ferris, 1921: 73. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, La Laguna, on
Heteromeles arbutifolia; San Antonio, on
Jatropha canescens; San Barloto and San
Jose del Cabo, on Celosia floribunda; San
Bartolo, on Tapriria edulis; Todos Santos,
on Encelia palmeri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Ferris' pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Celosia floribunda [Ferris1921, Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Anacardiaceae: Tapirira edulis [Ferris1921]. Asteraceae: Encelia palmeri [Ferris1921, Ferris1955a]. Euphorbiaceae: Jatropha canescens [Ferris1921, Russel1941, Ferris1955a, StumpfLa2006]. Rosaceae: Heteromeles arbutifolia [Ferris1921, Russel1941]. Solanaceae: Solanum hindnanian [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921, Miller1996, Ferris1955a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1955a), Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-74]; Ferris1955a [illustration, host, distribution: 18,23]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-75,252]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-52].
Asterolecanium dorsisetosum Stumpf & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium dorsisetosum Stumpf & Lambdin, 2006: 52. Type data: MEXICO: Jalisco, Los Arboles 24 km south of Autlan, on Arthrostlidium longifolium; collected F.H. McClure, 31.vii.1943. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Arthrostylidium pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Poaceae: Arthrostylidium longifolium [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [StumpfLa2006]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America].
CITATIONS: StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-54].
Asterolecanium eburneum (Heyden)NOMENCLATURE:
Lecanium eburneum Heyden, 1860: 90. Type data: SWITZERLAND: Neuchatel, on Hedera helix. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material unknown (see Russell, 1941: 229)
Asterolecanium eburneum; Lindinger, 1935: 130. Change of combination.
HOST: Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Heyden1860].
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her. Lindinger (1935) suggested that this species is a synonym of A. fimbriatum.
CITATIONS: Heyden1860 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 89-90]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 130]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 229]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 20].
Asterolecanium endroedyi Giliome & KozarNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium endroedyi Giliome & Kozar, 2008: 278. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch, on Cunonia capensis; collected J.H. Giliomee & F. Kozar, 29.ix.1997. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Cunoniaceae: Cunonia capensis [GiliomKo2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [GiliomKo2008].
BIOLOGY: Lives on bark of the host, inducing small depressions (Giliomee & Kozar, 2008).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of Adult female, first instar and second instar nymph by Giliomee & Kozar (2008).
Asterolecanium epacridis (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia epacridis Maskell, 1882: 224. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Amberley, on Leucopogon frazeri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.
Asterolecanium epacridis; Cockerell, 1896b: 327. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Leucopogon frazeri [Maskel1882, Maskel1887a, MorrisMo1927, Russel1941], Styphelia scoparia [Russel1941]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum scoparium [Maskel1887a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Russel1941]); New Zealand [Maskel1882, Maskel1887a, Fernal1903b, MorrisMo1927, Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison and Morrison (1927) and by Russell (1941). Larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Cocker1893h [taxonomy, host, distribution: 78]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 25]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 50]; Maskel1882 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-92]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-5]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-83,256].
Asterolecanium epidendri (Bouché)NOMENCLATURE:
Lecanium epidendri Bouché, 1844: 300. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, in greenhouse, on Epidendrum cuspidatum; probable origin of host plant West Indies. Syntypes. Described: both sexes. Notes: Type material lost (Sachtleben, 1944).
Coccus aureus Boisduval, 1868a: 301. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse, on "maranda vittata"; collected by Burel. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 84.
Asterolecanium aureum Signoret, 1870: 277. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 84.
Asterolecanium aureum; Targioni Tozzetti, 1893: 304. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
Planchonia oncidii Cockerell, 1893h: 78. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on orchids. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 84.
Asterolecanium epidendri; Cockerell, 1899j: 269. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium greeni Marchal, 1904b: 455. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse, on Rheedia lateriflora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 85.
COMMON NAME: orchid pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Sansevieria nilotica [Lindin1936c]. Amaranthaceae: Celosia [Borchs1960d]. Amaryllidaceae: Hippeastrum [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. Araceae: Anthurium [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Borchs1960d], Anthurium leoconerion [Leonar1908a], Philodendron [Riddic1955]. Arecaceae: Chamaedorea [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Borchs1960d]. Bromeliaceae: Vriesea glazioui [Lindin1936c]. Capparidaceae: Calanthea [Borchs1960d]. Euphorbiaceae: Drypetes alba [Martor1976]. Guttiferae: Rheedia lateriflora [Marcha1904b, Russel1941]. Marantaceae: Maranta viltata [Signor1870a, Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Orchidaceae [Targio1893, Cocker1893h, Ramakr1921a, Lepage1938, Ferris1955a], Angraecum [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Angraecum sesquipedale [Green1909a, WilliaWa1990, Varshn1992], Brassia [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Broughtonia sanguinea [Russel1941], Cattleya [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Borchs1960d], Corybus sp. [ZettleZeRi2012], Cypripedium [Borchs1960d], Cypripedium hamaldianum [Green1909a, Varshn1992], Epidendrum [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Epidendrum cuspidatum [Signor1877], Gongora [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Laelia [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Oncidium baurei [Russel1941, Martor1976], Ophiopogon jaburan [Green1909a, Varshn1992]. Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [WilliaWa1990], Piper officinarum [Lindin1936c]. Zamiaceae: Zamia [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Borchs1960d]. Zingiberaceae: Hedychium coccineum [Lindin1936c].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Seychelles [Mamet1943a]; South Africa [Borchs1960d]. Australasian: Fiji [WilliaWa1990, StumpfLa2006, HodgsoLa2011]. Nearctic: Mexico [Russel1941] (San Luis Potosi [Miller1996], Veracruz [Miller1996]); United States of America (Florida [StumpfLa2006], New York [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]). Neotropical: Belize [StumpfLa2006]; Brazil [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006] (Rio de Janeiro [Lepage1938]); Colombia [Russel1941, Figuer1946, Figuer1952, Kondo2001, StumpfLa2006]; Costa Rica [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006]; Cuba [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006]; Dominican Republic [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006]; Ecuador [StumpfLa2006]; Guatemala [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006]; Guyana [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [StumpfLa2006]; Jamaica [Cocker1893h, Cocker1896, Gowdey1921, Russel1941, StumpfLa2006]; Mexico (Chiapas [Miller1996]); Panama [StumpfLa2006]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Russel1941, Martor1976, StumpfLa2006]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006]); Venezuela [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006]. Oriental: India [StumpfLa2006]; Sri Lanka [Ramakr1921a, Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Varshn1992, StumpfLa2006]. Palaearctic: France [Marcha1904b, Russel1941, Borchs1960d]; Germany [Lindin1936c, Borchs1960d]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013]; Italy [Targio1893, Russel1941, Borchs1960d, BarbagBiBo1995]; Portugal [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Borchs1960d]); United Kingdom (England [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Ferris (1955a), Borchsenius (1960d), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Test of female, adult female, second stage and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941) and by Borchsenius (1960d).
SYSTEMATICS: Bou dchéescribed two species using the binomen Lecanium epidendri Bouché. The species described in 1844: 300 is the senior synonym of Asterolecanium epidendri (Bouché), while the species described in 1851: 112, is a junior synonym of Aspidiotus nerii in the Diaspididae. See also discussion in Russell (1941).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Boisdu1868a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 301]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161]; Bouche1844 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 300]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 215-217]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 238]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77]; Cocker1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 50]; Ferris1955a [illustration, host, distribution: 20,24]; Figuer1946 [host, distribution: 199]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 206]; FrancoRuMa2011 [host: 3,22]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 285]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 19]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 19-20]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; Leonar1908a [host, distribution: 154-155]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 336]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Lindin1936c [host, distribution: 153-154]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 149]; Marcha1904b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 455-457]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 102,184]; Maskel1894 [taxonomy: 94]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; RayMcSt2012 [distribution: 313]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-86,257]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 844]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 277]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 614]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-60]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 340-341]; Targio1893 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 304-309]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 68-69]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 10]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-194]; ZettleZeRi2012 [host: 127-134].
Asterolecanium flavociliatum GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium flavociliatum Green, 1909a: 322. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her, while indicating that it appears to be similar to A. coronatum.
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136-137]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 322]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 230]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 69].
Asterolecanium garciniae RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium garciniae Russell, 1941: 96. Type data: JAVA: Soekaboema, on Garcinia mangostana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Guttiferae: Garcinia mangostana [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-97,261]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 341].
Asterolecanium grandiculum RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium grandiculum Russell, 1941: 100. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Phoenix, on Agave sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Yucca pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave [Russel1941, Gill1993], Yucca [Russel1941, Gill1993], Yucca glauca [StumpfLa2006]. Convovulaceae: Evolvulus glomeratus [StumpfLa2006]. Fouquieriaceae: Fouquieria columnaris [Gill1993], Fouquieria columnaris [StumpfLa2006], Idria columnaris [Russel1941]. Myrtaceae: Myrtus communis [Gill1993, StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Gill1993]; United States of America (Arizona [Russel1941, Gill1993], California [Gill1993], New Mexico [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Gill (1993) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-100,107]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-101,263]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-63].
Asterolecanium grandis (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Pollinia grandis Newstead, 1894: 182. Type data: PAKISTAN: Baluchistan, on a very strong grass-like plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Asterolecanium grande; Cockerell, 1896b: 328. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Newste1894, Varshn1992].
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) did not study material of this species, commented that it was unrecognizable from the original illustration but retained it in Asterolecanium.
CITATIONS: Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 328]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 51,332]; Newste1894 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 182-183]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 230]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 69].
Asterolecanium hakeae (Fuller)NOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia hakeae Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, on Hakea ilicifolia and on Acacia. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.
Planchonia hakeae; Fuller, 1897c: 7. Notes: Described again as "n. sp."
Asterolecanium hakeae; Fuller, 1899: 456. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Fernal1903b, Russel1941]. Proteaceae: Banksia [Russel1941], Hakea ilicifolia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Fernal1903b, Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Fernal1903b, Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 51]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 757]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1345]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 456]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103,264].
Asterolecanium hancocki LaingNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium hancocki Laing, 1929a: 466. Type data: UGANDA: on bark of coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea [Laing1929a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Laing1929a].
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her.
CITATIONS: Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 466-467]; Russel1941 [host, distribution: 230].
Asterolecanium inconspicuum RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium inconspicuum Russell, 1941: 110. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Brisbane, on an unknown host. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-111,267].
Asterolecanium ingae RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium ingae Russell, 1941: 111. Type data: PUERTO RICO: Utuado, on Inga vera. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes:
COMMON NAME: Inga pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Fabaceae: Inga vera [Russel1941, Martor1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Russel1941, Martor1976]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 143]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-112,267]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-66].
Asterolecanium javae RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium javae Russell, 1941: 116. Type data: JAVA: cultivated in Botanic Garden, on Calophyllum spectabile var. ceramicum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOSTS: Guttiferae: Calophyllum spectabile ceramicum [Russel1941]. Moraceae: Ficus ampelas [WilliaMi2010], Ficus montana [WilliaMi2010].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Russel1941, WilliaMi2010]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium ]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-117,270]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 342]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 45].
Asterolecanium lacrimula RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium lacrimula Russell, 1941: 117. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Darling Riber, Bourke, on an unknown host. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-118,270].
Asterolecanium litseae KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium litseae Kuwana, 1916: 149. Type data: JAPAN: Matsudo in Chiba-Ken, on leaves and the smaller branches of Litsea glauca= (Shirodamo). Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Lauraceae: Litsea caulocarpa [Russel1941], Litsea glauca [Kuwana1916, Borchs1960d], Litsea luzonica [Russel1941]. Orchidaceae: Vanda sanderiana [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. Rubiaceae: Psychotria arborescens [Russel1941, Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Borchs1960d]; Malaysia (Sabah [Russel1941]); Philippines [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. Palaearctic: Japan [Borchs1960d, Kawai1980].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.11).
KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-164]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 178]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 20]; Kuwana1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-121,273]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 342-343].
Asterolecanium loranthi GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium loranthi Green, 1922a: 1036. Type data: SRI LANKA: Hakgala, on young branch of Loranthus neelgherrensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Loranthaceae: Loranthus neelherrensis [Green1922a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her, while indicating that it appears to resemble A. litseae.
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1036]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 285]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 230]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 343-344]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 70].
Asterolecanium louiserussellae Matile-Ferrero & Le RuyetNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium louiserussellae Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 257. Type data: IVORY COAST (C_TE d'IVOIRE): Taï, on Ouratea duparquetiana. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Ochnaceae: Ouratea duparquetiana [MatileLe1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [MatileLe1985].
CITATIONS: MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-259].
Asterolecanium machili RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium machili Russell, 1941: 125. Type data: TAIWAN (FORMOSA): Sozan, on Machilus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Lauraceae: Machilus [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Russel1941]. Palaearctic: China [Yang1982].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium ].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 86]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-126,274]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 344-345, 577]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127].
Asterolecanium medium RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium medium Russell, 1941: 127. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Coolgardie, on Agonis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Agonis [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-128,276].
Asterolecanium melaleucae (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus melaleucae Maskell, 1894b: 94. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Penhurst, on Melaleuca linariifolia, collected by W.W. Froggatt. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Sphaerococcus acaciae melaleucae; Fuller, 1897c: 10. Change of combination and rank.
Asterolecanium melaleucae; Miller et al., 1998: 294. Change of combination.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca linariifolia [Maskel1894b].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1894b]).
SYSTEMATICS: Miller et al. (1998) assigned this species to the Asterolecaniidae with no indication to its generic placement. Here it is assigned to Asterolecanium, but it needs further verification.
CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 85]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy: 10]; Fuller1899b [taxonomy: 1346+]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178-179]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 294-295].
Asterolecanium minutum Ramakrishna Ayyar nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium minutum Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 55. Nomen nudum; discovered by Russell, 1941: 230.
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this nomen nusum, while suggesting that it might belong to an undescribed species of Polea.
Asterolecanium multioctoporosum Stumpf & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium multioctoporosum Stumpf & Lambdin, 2006: 66. Type data: COLOMBIA: Antioquia, Apartado, on Inga marginata; collected L. Gomez, 18xii.1975. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Multipore pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Fabaceae: Inga marginata [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [StumpfLa2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North & South America].
CITATIONS: StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-68].
Asterolecanium multiporum GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium stypheliae multiporum Green, 1915d: 48. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Warrnambool, on Samolus repens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Asterolecanium multiporum; Russell, 1941: 137. Change of status.
HOST: Primulaceae: Samolus repens [Green1915d].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Green1915d]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium ]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Green1915d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-138,278].
Asterolecanium neoguineense Williams & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium neoguineense Williams & Watson, 1990: 194. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province, on Theobroma cacao. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1990].
SYSTEMATICS: This species was first mentioned by Reyne (1961) from Irian Jaya on Theobroma cacao as Asterolecanium nr. javae Russell (Williams & Watson, 1990).
CITATIONS: Reyne1961 [taxonomy: 121]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-196].
Asterolecanium petrophilae (Fuller)NOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia petrophilae Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: West Australia, Swan River, on Petrophila linearis. Syntypes. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Though there are some specimens in USNM and there could be some material in ANIC and ASCT, it appears most material has been lost (P.J. Gullan, personal communication, 2000).
Planchonia petrophilae; Fuller, 1897c: 7. Notes: Described again as "n. sp."
Asterolecanium petrophilae; Fuller, 1899: 456. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Proteaceae: Hakea [Russel1941], Petrophila linearis [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Fernal1903b, Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Fernal1903b, Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of adult female, nymphs and adult male described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 52]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 758]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1345]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 456]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-154,287].
Asterolecanium prominens GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium ceriferum prominens Green, 1909a: 326. Type data: SRI LANKA: Nuwara Eliya, on Oxytenanthera thwaitesii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Asterolecanium prominens; Ali, 1970a: 140. Change of status.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Ramakr1921a], Oxytenanthera thwaitesii [Green1909a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
SYSTEMATICS: This species was not mentioned nor studied in the comprehensive revision by Russell (1941).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, catalogue: 140]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 326]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 68].
Asterolecanium psychotriae RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium psychotriae Russell, 1941: 162. Type data: TAIWAN (=FORMOSA): Urai, on Psychotria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Rubiaceae: Psychotria [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Russel1941]. Palaearctic: China [Yang1982].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 140]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-163,290]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 345-346, 578]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39-40]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].
Asterolecanium pudibundum GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium pudibundum Green, 1909a: 323. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on small branches of Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her, while suggesting that apparently is allied to such forms as ceriferum, elongatum, proboscidis, scirrosis.
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 140]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 231]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 70].
Asterolecanium puteanum RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium puteanum Russell, 1941: 168. Type data: U.S.A.: Georgia, Brunswick, on Ilex vomitoria. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Asterodiaspis puteanum; Kosztarab, 1996: 295. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Koszta1996], Ilex cassine [Riddic1955], Ilex cassine myrtifolia [Riddic1955], Ilex crenata helleri [StumpfLa2006], Ilex crenata rotundifolia [StumpfLa2006], Ilex opaca [Riddic1955, StumpfLa2006], Ilex vomitoria [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996, StumpfLa2006]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton scouleri scouleri [LincanHoCa2010]. Lauraceae: Persea borbonia [StumpfLa2006]. Sapotaceae: Bumelia parviflora [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Koszta1996]. Sterculiaceae: Waltheria ovata [LincanHoCa2010].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Delaware [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Florida [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Georgia [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Maryland [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], North Carolina [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], South Carolina [StumpfLa2006], Virginia [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Brazil [StumpfLa2006]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Kosztarab (1996) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution, illustration: 25,29]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 295-297]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 3]; LincanHoCa2010 [distribution, host: 4]; Riddic1955 [host: 10]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-170,291]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-72].
Asterolecanium pyriforme (Froggatt)NOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus pyriformis Froggatt, 1915: 1057. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Parkes District, on spiny shrub; collected D. Ploughman. Syntypes, female. Described: female.
Asterolecanium pyriforme; Russell, 1941: 231. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1915]).
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her.
CITATIONS: Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1057]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 231].
Asterolecanium quadrisetosum RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium quadrisetosum Russell, 1941: 170. Type data: AUSTRALIA: West Australia, Coolgardie, on Melaleuca sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-171,292].
Asterolecanium quaesitum RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium quaesitum Russell, 1941: 171. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cordoba, on "Tusca" [presumably Acacia moniliformis]. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Tusca pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia moniliformis [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-173,293]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-75].
Asterolecanium rehi RübsaamenNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium rehi Rübsaamen, 1902: 62. Type data: MADEIRA ISLANDS: Funchal, on twigs of Globularia salicina. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Depository unknown.
HOST: Globulariaceae: Globularia salicina [Rubsaa1902].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [Rubsaa1902, FrancoRuMa2011].
BIOLOGY: Causing galls on twigs of Globularia salicina (Rubsaamen, 1902).
SYSTEMATICS: Lindinger (1912b) regarded this species both as synonym of Asterolecanium fimbriatum and a nomen nudum. Russell (1941: 231) did not accept this interpretation and retained it as an unrecognizable species.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Causing galls on twigs of Globularia salicina (Rubsaamen, 1902).
CITATIONS: FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 3,22]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 20]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 164]; Rubsaa1902 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 62]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 231].
Asterolecanium russellae LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium russellae Lambdin, 1983b: 1002. Type data: PHILIPPINES: on Cypripedium ciliolare. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Orchidaceae: Cypripedium ciliolare [Lambdi1983b].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Lambdi1983b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin (1983b).
CITATIONS: Lambdi1983b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1002-1004]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 346].
Asterolecanium sanbernardense HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium sanbernardensis Hempel, 1937: 18. Type data: BRAZIL: State of Sao Paulo, Sao Bernardo, on forest shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
Asterolecanium sanbernardense; Stumpf & Lambdin, 2006: 75.
COMMON NAME: Sanbernard pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Myrtaceae: Myrtus silvestre [Lepage1938].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1937, Lepage1938, StumpfLa2006]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Test of female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 18-19]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 337-338]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 406]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-182,296]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-77].
Asterolecanium seabrai SaraivaNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium seabrai Saraiva, 1936: 1. Type data: PORTUGAL: near Coimbra, on Quercus faginea, April 1936. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus faginea [Saraiv1936].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Portugal [Saraiv1936, FrancoRuMa2011].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and nymph by Saraiva (1936).
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her.
CITATIONS: FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2-4,22]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 20]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 231]; Saraiv1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-31]; Seabra1941 [taxonomy: 7].
Asterolecanium stypheliae (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia stypheliae Maskell, 1892: 24-25. Type data: AUSTRALIA: from Styphelia richei and Leptospermum juniperinum; collected by French. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.
Planchonia fimbriata stypheliae Maskell, 1894b: 85. Type data: AUSTRALIA:. Syntypes. Described: female. Synonymy by Maskell, 1894b: 85.
Planchonia stypheliae; Maskell, 1895b: 62. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium stypheliae; Fuller, 1899: 457. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Leucopogon richei [Russel1941], Leucopogon virgatus [Russel1941], Styphelia richei [Russel1941]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum juniperinum [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Russel1941] (New South Wales [Russel1941], Victoria [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Adult female described and illustrated by Morrison & Morrison (1927). Test of female, male and nymphs described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium ]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Cocker1893h [taxonomy, host, distribution: 78]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 26]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 53]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 759]; Fuller1899 [host, distribution: 457]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy: 85]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 62]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-200,303].
Asterolecanium subventruosum RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium subventruosum Russell, 1941: 202. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Styphelia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Epacridaceae: Styphelia [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-203,305].
Asterolecanium theae Tang & HaoNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium theae Tang & Hao, 1995: 347. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang, on Thea sinensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Theaceae: Thea sinensis [TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [TangHa1995]).
CITATIONS: TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 347,578-579,699]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40].
Asterolecanium townsendi CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium townsendi Cockerell, 1902t: 468. Type data: MEXICO: Platanas, Jalisco, on "Guasima". Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
COMMON NAME: Townsend's pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Sterculiaceae: Guazuma [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [Cocker1902t, Russel1941, Miller1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Test of adult female, male and nymphs described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Cocker1902t [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 468-469]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 53]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-208,307]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-80]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 222].
Asterolecanium transversum Morrison & MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium transversum Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 7. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Probably Tasmania (see Morrison & Morrison (1927: 8) and Russell (1941: 210). on the bark of undetermined host. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Proteaceae: Banksia [Russel1941], Banksia integrifolia [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Russel1941], Victoria [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
SYSTEMATICS: Ben-Dov (2006) erroneously stated that the type-locality of this species was New Zealand. Morrison & Morrison (1927: 8) and Russell (1941: 210) indicated that the type-locality was AUSTRALIA, probably Tasmania.
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-8,39]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-210].
Asterolecanium tumidum GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium tumidum Green, 1909a: 330. Type data: SRI LANKA: Udagama, on leaves of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her.
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 330]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 284]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 232]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 63]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 71].
Asterolecanium ungulatum RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium ungulatum Russell, 1941: 213. Type data: SINGAPORE: Botanic garden, on Durio zibethinus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Bombacaceae: Durio zibethinus [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Russel1941]); Singapore [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214,310-312]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 347-348].
Asterolecanium ventruosum (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia ventruosa Maskell, 1895b: 63. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Acacia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.
Asterolecanium ventruosum; Cockerell, 1896b: 328. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female and adult female described and illustrated by Morrison & Morrison (1927), Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 328]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 26]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 54]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 759]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-9]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220-221,228].
Asterolecanium victoriae RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium victoriae Russell, 1941: 221. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Sandringham, on Leptospermum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-222,314].
Asterolecanium viridulum CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium viridulum Cockerell, 1902i: 89. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, "on a kind of ironweed". Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
COMMON NAME: Argentine pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Asteraceae [Morris1919], Baccharis coridifolia [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006], Eupatorium [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006], Vernonia [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Corrientes [Russel1941], Misiones [Morris1919, Russel1941], Tucuman [Cocker1902i, Russel1941]); Brazil [Russel1941] (Sao Paulo [Lepage1938, Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Test of female, male and nymphs described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of Northe and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Cocker1902i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 89]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 54]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 338]; Morris1919 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223-225,315]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-83].
Asterolecanium vitreum RussellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium vitreum Russell, 1941: 225. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Motueka, on Leptospermum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-226,316].
Asterolecanium vittatum LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium vittatum Lambdin, 1979: 669. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Canberra, Mt. Ainslie, on Acacia decurrens. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia decurrens [Lambdi1979].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Lambdi1979]).
CITATIONS: Lambdi1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 669-672].
Bambusaspis CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium (Bambusaspis) Cockerell, 1902g: 114. Type species: Chermes miliaris Boisduval. Subsequently designated by Sanders, 1906: 6.
Bambusaspis; Borchsenius, 1960d: 133. Change of status.
Banbusaphis; Paik, 1978: 413. Misspelling of genus name.
Ambusaspis; Zhang, 1992a: 68. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Russell (1941), Borchsenius (1960d), Gill (1993), Tang & Hao (1995), Williams & Watson (1990), Kosztarab (1996) and by Stumpf& Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Giliomee & Kozar 2008: 285 (female) [bambusaspis species of South Africa]; Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 20-22 (female) [Asterolecaniidae genera of North and South America]; Tang & Hao 1995: 349-353 (adult) [world]; Williams & Watson 1990: 201 (adult) [Tropical South Pacific]; Wang & Zhang 1987: 37-38 (adult) [China].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 143]; Bodenh1951 [taxonomy : 328]; Borchs1950a [taxonomy: 781]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 132-134]; Cocker1902g [taxonomy: 114]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 85-89]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy: 282, 285]; Gill1993 [taxonomy: 97,102]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy: 15]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 20]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 22]; Paik1978 [taxonomy: 413]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 4]; Sander1906 [taxonomy: 3]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description: 83-84,1-231]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 335, 348-353]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 40]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, key: 36-41]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, key: 199, 201]; Zhang1992aX [taxonomy: 63-69]; ZhangZh1997 [taxonomy: 12-14].
Bambusaspis abiecta (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium abiectum Russell, 1941: 35. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Los Banos, Luzon, on Bambusa vulgaris. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis abiectus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 354. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis abiecta; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 68. Notes: Change name to agree in gender
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Yang1982], Bambusa vulgaris [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Dendrocalamus [Russel1941], Gigantochloa apus [Russel1941, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [TangHa1995]); Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]). Palaearctic: China [Yang1982].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 134]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 68]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36,237]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 354]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124].
Bambusaspis acutula (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium acutulum Russell, 1941: 38. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Antipolo, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis acutulus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 354. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis acutula; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 68. Notes: Change name to agree in Gender.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941], Bambusa blumeana [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 134,135]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 68]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39,238]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 354-355].
Bambusaspis amboinae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium amboinae Russell, 1941: 43. Type data: INDONESIA: Ambonia, on Bambusa atra. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis amboinae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 353. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa atra [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 135]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-44,240]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 353-354].
Bambusaspis bambusae (Boisduval)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium bambusae Boisduval, 1869: 261. Type data: ALGERIA: Alger, Hamma, on Bambusa arundinacea and on Bambusa distorta. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
Asterolecanium bambusae; Signoret, 1870a: 270. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium bambusae; Maskell, 1894: 94. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium bambusae; Cockerell, 1896: 9. Change of combination.
Planchonia (Asterolecanium) bambusae; Newstead, 1897a: 75. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium bambusae bambusae; Cockerell, 1897p: 590. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium bambusae bambusulae Cockerell, 1897p: 590. Type data: GRENADA: Botanic Gardens, on cultivated bamboo, collected 16 November, 1895, by W.E. Broadway. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 47.
Planchonia bambusae; Grandpré & Charmoy, 1899: 42. Change of combination.
Planchonia bambusae; Hempel, 1900a: 409. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis bambusae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 136. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: bamboo pit scale [StumpfLa2006]; bamboo scale [SchmutKlLu1957].
FOE: ACARI Stigmaeidae: Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez [FaragAbZo1990].
HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus [Habib1957, TangHa1995]. Cupressaceae: Thuja orientalis [Habib1957]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Riddic1955]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [TangHa1995], Acalypha marginata [Habib1957]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [Riddic1955]. Myrtaceae: Feijoa [Riddic1955]. Orchidaceae [Habib1957]. Poaceae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, WangZh1987, Gill1993, StumpfLa2006], Arundo donax [FaragAbZo1990, StumpfLa2006], Bambusa [Cocker1897p, GrandpCh1899, Brain1920, Hall1922, Bodenh1924, Laing1927, Takaha1929, Takaha1936c], Bambusa [Theoba1904, Ramakr1921a, Zimmer1948, Riddic1955, TangHa1995], Bambusa [WangZh1987, WilliaWa1990, Pelliz2010], Bambusa alphonse kurri [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006], Bambusa argentea-striata [Russel1941], Bambusa arundinacea [Boisdu1869, Signor1870a, Theoba1904, Ballou1926], Bambusa aurea [Russel1941], Bambusa aureo-striata [Russel1941], Bambusa balcooa [Russel1941], Bambusa beecheyana [Russel1941], Bambusa blumeana [Russel1941], Bambusa distorta [Boisdu1869, Signor1870a], Bambusa macroculmis [Russel1941], Bambusa multiplex disticha [Russel1941], Bambusa multiplex distincta [Russel1941], Bambusa nana [Ballou1926, Russel1941], Bambusa palmata [Russel1941], Bambusa spinosa [Russel1941], Bambusa stenostachya [Takaha1929], Bambusa stricta [Signor1870], Bambusa thouarsii [Russel1941], Bambusa tulda [Russel1941], Bambusa verticillata [Ballou1926], Bambusa viridis-striata [Russel1941], Bambusa vulgaris [Russel1941, Habib1957, KawaiMaUm1971, WilliaWa1990, Varshn1992], Dendrocalamus [WangZh1987, Gill1993], Dendrocalamus giganteus [Habib1957, WilliaWa1990, Varshn1992, MohammMoMo1997], Dendrocalamus latiflorus [Takaha1929, Russel1941], Dendrocalamus oldhamii [Pelliz2010], Dendrocalamus strictus [Ballou1926, Russel1941, Varshn1992], Giganthochloa aspera [Russel1941, Varshn1992], Giganthochloa scribneriana [Russel1941], Gigantochloa [Gill1993], Oxytenanthera [WangZh1987, Gill1993], Oxytenanthera abyssinica [Russel1941], Phyllostachys [Russel1941, WangZh1987, Gill1993], Schizostachyum glaucifolium [StumpfLa2006], Sphaerobambus philippinensis [Lit1997b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Russel1941]; Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990, Fernan1999]; Ghana [Russel1941]; Mauritius [GrandpCh1899, MerrilCh1923, Green1937, Mamet1943a]; Mozambique [Russel1941]; Namibia (=South West Africa) [StumpfLa2006]; Reunion [Russel1941, Mamet1943a, GermaiMiPa2014]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Seabra1921, Seabra1925]); South Africa [Brain1920, MerrilCh1923, GiliomKo2008]; Togo [Vayssi1913]; Uganda [Gowdey1917]; Zaire [Russel1941]. Australasian: Australia [Russel1941]; Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1987]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1990]; Fiji [HodgsoLa2011]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1990]; Guam [Russel1941]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Ehrhor1916, Russel1941, Zimmer1948]); New Caledonia [Russel1941, WilliaWa1990, StumpfLa2006, Willia2007a]; Palau [Takaha1936c]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1990]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaWa1990]. Nearctic: Mexico [MerrilCh1923]; United States of America (Alabama [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], California [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], District of Columbia [Ferris1955a], Florida [Russel1941, MerrilCh1923, Ferris1955a], Georgia [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Illinois [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Indiana [StumpfLa2006], Louisiana [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Mississippi [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Missouri [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], New York [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Pennsylvania [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], South Carolina [StumpfLa2006], Texas [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Washington [Russel1941]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Russel1941]); Argentina [Russel1941] (Salta [Lizery1938]); Barbados [Russel1941]; Bermuda [Russel1941]; Brazil [MerrilCh1923, Green1937, Russel1941] (Rio de Janeiro [Hempel1904, Lepage1938], Sao Paulo [Lepage1938]); Colombia; Costa Rica [StumpfLa2006]; Cuba [MerrilCh1923, Ballou1926, Russel1941]; Dominica [Russel1941]; Dominican Republic [Russel1941]; El Salvador [Russel1941]; Grenada [Cocker1897p, MerrilCh1923, Green1937, Russel1941]; Guadeloupe [Russel1941, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Russel1941]; Guyana [Bodkin1917, Russel1941]; Haiti [Russel1941, PerezG2008]; Honduras [Russel1941]; Jamaica [Cocker1893h, Cocker1896, Russel1941]; Montserrat [Russel1941]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Martor1976]); Suriname [StumpfLa2006]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [Russel1941], Trinidad [Russel1941]); U.S. Virgin Islands [Russel1941]; Venezuela [Russel1941]. Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [Russel1941], Yunnan [TangHa1995]); India [Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Russel1941, Varshn1992, StumpfLa2006]; Pakistan [Varshn1992]; Philippines [Russel1941] (Mindanao [Lit1997b]); Sri Lanka [Ramakr1921a, Green1937, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Varshn1992]; Taiwan [Takaha1929]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Boisdu1869, MerrilCh1923, Green1937, Russel1941]; Azores [FrancoRuMa2011]; China [Yang1982] (Heilongjiang (=HeilungKiang) [TangHa1995]); Egypt [Theoba1904, Hall1922, Hall1923, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Habib1957, FaragAbZo1990, MohammMoMo1997]; France [GermaiMaPi2002]; Iran [Moghad2013a]; Israel [Bodenh1924]; Italy [Russel1941, BarbagBiBo1995, Pelliz2010]; Japan [Kawai1972, Kawai1980]; Madeira Islands [Balach1938]; Netherlands [StumpfLa2006]; Portugal [FrancoRuMa2011]; San Marino [Laing1927, WilliaWa1990]; United Kingdom (England [MerrilCh1923]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Ferris (1955a) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Description and illustration of the first-instar nymph by Russell (1941) and by Mohammad et al. (1997).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.3) and by Germain et al. (2003).
SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439527 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009). Gill (1993) reported that it is parthenogenetic in California.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species has been recorded from many species of bamboo in the West Indies, Central and South America, Africa, Asia. The infestations on leaves and trunk makes the plants unsightly, and may reduce the quality of poles in furniture production (Bartlett, 1978a). Farag et al. (1990) evaluated the predatory efficiency and reproduction of the predatory mite, Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez.
KEYS: Giliomee & Kozar 2008: 285 (female) [South African species of Bambusaspis]; Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 143-144]; Balach1931 [host, distribution: 50]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 11]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Bartle1938a [host, distribution, biological control: 493-495]; Bartle1978a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 46-47]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 24,44]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 73]; Bodkin1917 [host, distribution: 107]; Boisdu1869 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-262]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 170-171]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 156]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-139]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112]; Cocker1892 [host, distribution: 77]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy, host, distribution: 77]; Cocker1896 [host, distribution: 9]; Cocker1897p [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 590]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; DoaneFe1916 [host, distribution: 399]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, distribution: 235]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; FaragAbZo1990 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 153-156]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 49-50]; Fernan1999 [host, distribution: 86]; Ferris1955a [illustration, host, distribution: 18,22]; Figuer1946 [host, distribution: 199]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 206]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 4,22]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 256]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 22]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 282, 285]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-103,112]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 187]; GrandpCh1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 328-329]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 284]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; Habib1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376-377]; Hall1922 [description, host, distribution: 3]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 31]; Hall1935a [host, distribution: 217]; Hamon1980 [host, distribution, taxonomy, host plants, life history: 1-2]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, host, distribution : 409]; Hempel1904 [host, distribution: 313]; Henrik1921 [host, distribution : 315]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 15]; Hoffma1927 [host, distribution: 73]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 18-19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 176]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 78]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 18]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 21]; Kuwana1909 [host, distribution: 151]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 35]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 336]; LepineMi1931 [host, distribution: 250]; Lindin1909b [host, distribution: 220]; Lindin1912b [description, host, distribution: 82]; Lindin1924 [host, distribution: 174,179]; Lit1997b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 88-90]; Lizery1938 [host, distribution: 348]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 149]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 18-19]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 33-34]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 21]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy: 94]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 163]; MerrilCh1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 276]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 6]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMoMo1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-195,222-223]; Morris1920 [description, host, distribution: 161]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 127]; Pelliz2010 [host, distribution: 91]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 1-5]; Riddic1955 [host: 7]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49,241]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 450]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 96-97]; Seabra1925 [host, distribution: 39]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280]; SoriaEsVi1998a [host, distribution: 337-342]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-89]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 46]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 116]; Takaha1956c [description: 6]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 355-357,579,701]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 77]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Theoba1904 [host, distribution: 189]; Trabut1911 [host, distribution : 52]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 135]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 72]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 429]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 82]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38-39]; Willia2007a [host, distribution: 1346]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-203]; WuZhLi2000 [host, distribution, life history, chemical control: 118-123]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 122]; YokogaYa2009 [DNA, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 277-278].
Bambusaspis bambusicola (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium bambusicola Kuwana, 1916: 146. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo and other parts of Japan, on stem and branches of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Asterolecanium bambusae tuberculata Takahashi, 1928: 339. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, on the stalk of Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 49.
Bambusaspis bambusicola; Borchsenius, 1960d: 141. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Kuwana's pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Brain1920, Takaha1928, Takaha1929, Russel1941, Yang1982, WangZh1987, TangHa1995], Bambusa multiplex [StumpfLa2006], Bambusa nana [StumpfLa2006], Phyllostachys [WangZh1987], Phyllostachys bambusoides [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [StumpfLa2006], Louisiana [Russel1941], Mississippi [Russel1941]). Neotropical: Martinique [MatileEt2006]. Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [TangHa1995]); Taiwan [Takaha1928, Takaha1929, Russel1941]. Palaearctic: China [Yang1982, WangZh1987]; Japan [Kuwana1916, Tachik1955, Russel1941, Kawai1980].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Russell (1941).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.4).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 144]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141-142]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 176]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 21]; Kuwana1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 163]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-50,242]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-92]; Tachik1955 [host, distribution: 52]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy, host, distribution : 8, 46]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 357-358, 579]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 39-40]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 122].
Bambusaspis brasiliensis Stumpf & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis brasiliensis Stumpf & Lambdin, 2006: 92. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Campinas, on bamboo; collected by H.L. Parker, 4.IX.1941. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 431 331. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Brazilian pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [StumpfLa2006]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America].
CITATIONS: StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-94].
Bambusaspis brunetae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium brunetae Russell, 1941: 58. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Antipolo, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis brunetae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 358. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-59,246]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 358-359].
Bambusaspis captiosa (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium captiosum Russell, 1941: 59. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Antipolo, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis captiosus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 359. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis captiosa; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 72. Notes: Change of name to agree in gender.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 72]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59,247]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 359-360].
Bambusaspis caudata (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium caudatum Green, 1930b: 214. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on the foliage of Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis caudatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 360. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis caudata; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 72-73. Notes: Change of name to agree in gender.
COMMON NAME: caudate pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Green1930b, Lepage1938, Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Bambusa flexuosa [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006], Bambusa nana [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006], Bambusa pallescens [Russel1941], Bambusa pallescens usteri [Russel1941], Bambusa spinosa [Russel1941], Bambusa vulgaris [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006], Dendrocalamus [TangHa1995, StumpfLa2006], Dendrocalamus strictus [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Russel1941] (Minas Gerais [Russel1941], Rio de Janeiro [Russel1941], Sao Paulo [Green1930b, Lepage1938, Russel1941]). Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [Russel1941, TangHa1995]); Vietnam [Russel1941]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Russel1941]; China [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Test of adult female, nymphs and adult male described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 72-73]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Green1930b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 21]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 336]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63,248]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-98]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 360, 579]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124].
Bambusaspis chinae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium chinae Russell, 1941: 65. Type data: CHINA: Ho Ch'uen, Kaang Shek, Ts'uen fong, Kwangtung, on Phyllostachys sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis chinae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 361. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Bambusa flexuosa [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Phyllostachys [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [TangHa1995], Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [TangHa1995]); Hong Kong [TangHa1995]. Palaearctic: China [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 21]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66,249]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 361-362, 579]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124].
Bambusaspis circularis (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium circulare Russell, 1941: 66. Type data: CHINA: Tai P'ing Shi, Ts'ing Uen district, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis circulare; Tang & Hao, 1995: 362. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis circularis; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 73. Notes: Ben-Dov; change name to agree in gender
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [TangHa1995], Bambusa beecheyana [Russel1941, Yang1982], Bambusa spinosa [Russel1941], Bambusa stenostachya [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [TangHa1995], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [Russel1941, Yang1982], Hainan [TangHa1995]); Vietnam [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135-136]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 73]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67,249]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 362, 579-580]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124].
Bambusaspis coronata (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium coronatum Green, 1909a: 327. Type data: SRI LANKA: Peradeniya, on Dendrocalamus giganteus and Gigantochloa aspera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis coronatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 363. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Ramakr1921a], Bambusa stenostachya [Takaha1935, Ali1970a, Yang1982], Bambusa vulgaris [KawaiMaUm1971], Dendrocalamus giganteus [Green1909a, Green1937, Varshn1992], Gigantochloa aspera [Green1909a, Green1937].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1987]. Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]; Taiwan [Takaha1935]. Palaearctic: China [Yang1982]; Japan [Kawai1980].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and of first-instar nymph by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 327]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 177]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 78]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 18]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73,252]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; Takaha1935 [host. distribution: 5-6]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 363-364]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 68]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124].
Bambusaspis delicata (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia delicata Maskell, 1895b: 62. Nomen nudum.
Planchonia delicata Green, 1896: 5. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes:
Asterolecanium delicatum; Cockerell, 1896b: 328. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis delicatum; Cockerell, 1902g: 114. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Russel1941, WangZh1987, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [TangHa1995]); Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1937, Ramakr1921a, Russel1941, Varshn1992]. Palaearctic: China [WangZh1987]; Japan [Green1909a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, second stage, larva, test of male, male nymph, and third-stage male by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 144]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 328]; Cocker1902g [taxonomy: 114]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 25]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 50]; Green1896 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 5]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 332]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 284]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 19]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 62]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-77,253]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 364-365, 580]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 72]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 40].
Bambusaspis disiuncta (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium disiunctum Russell, 1941: 79. Type data: CHINA: Mengtze, Yunnan, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis disiunatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 365. Misspelling of species name.
Bambusaspis disiunctus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 365. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis disiuncta; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 75. Notes: Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Ramakr1921a, Russel1941, TangHa1995], Schizostachyum [Russel1941, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Yunnan [Russel1941, TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 75]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-81,254]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 365-366, 580]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40].
Bambusaspis exigua (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium exiguum Green, 1909a: 315. Type data: SRI LANKA: Vatiyantota, on under surface of leaves of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis exiguus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 366. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis exigua; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 75. Notes: Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, test of female, larva, test of male, adult male, male nymph and third-stage male by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 75]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 315]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 282]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-91,258-259]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 366-367]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 69].
Bambusaspis flora (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium florum Russell, 1941: 94. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung, Kwong Ning district, Koo Shui, on Arundinaria amabilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis florus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 367. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis flora; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 75. Notes: Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Arundinaria amabilis [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [Russel1941, TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 75]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-95,260]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 367-368, 580, 702]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127].
Bambusaspis fusa (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium fusum Russell, 1941: 95. Type data: CHINA: Kwongtung, Hainan, Hung Mo Shan, on Arundinaria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis fusus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 368. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis fusa; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 76. Notes: Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender.
HOST: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hainan [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 76]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-96,261]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 368-369, 580]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127].
Bambusaspis gemmae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium gemmae Russell, 1941: 97. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Bical, on Schizostachyum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis gemmae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 369. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Schizostachyum [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-99,262]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 369-370]; Wu1983a [taxonomy: 430].
Bambusaspis hemisphaerica (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium hemisphaericum Kuwana, 1916: 147. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo and other places of Japan, on stems and branches of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis hemisphaerica; Borchsenius, 1960d: 134. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis hemispharica; Wang & Zhang, 1987: 37. Misspelling of species name.
Bambusaspis hemisphaenca; Wang & Zhang, 1987: 38. Misspelling of species name.
Bambusaspis hemisphaeicus; Tao, 1999: 41. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: hemisphaerical pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Pseudectroma longicauda Xu [Xu1999].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria chino [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, WangZh1987, TangHa1995], Bambusa [Kuwana1916, Yang1982], Bambusa metake [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, WangZh1987, TangHa1995, StumpfLa2006], Phyllostachys [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, WangZh1987, TangHa1995], Phylostachys chino [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Jersey [Russel1941]). Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, TangHa1995], Hunan [HuHeWa1992], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [TangHa1995, TangHa1995, Wu2001b]). Palaearctic: China [Yang1982, WangZh1987] (Anhui (=Anhwei) [TangHa1995]); Japan [Kuwana1916, Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Tang & Hao (1995) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Adult female described by Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.5).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 144]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134, 135]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 176]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22-23]; Kuwana1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-148]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-105,264-265]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-101]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description: 5]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 370-371,580,703]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 83]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38]; Wu2001b [ecology: 256]; Xu1999 [biological control: 299-303]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 122].
Bambusaspis huangshanensis Zhang, X.NOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis huangshanensis Zhang, X., 1992: 65. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Shexian county, on Indocalamus sp.; collected Zhang Xuefan, vi.1986. Holotype female. Type depository: FHAC. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamus [Zhang1992aX].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Zhang1992aX]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992a).
CITATIONS: Zhang1992aX [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65,69].
Bambusaspis huichowensis Zhang, X.NOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis huichowensis Zhang, X., 1992: 53. Type data: CHINA: Anhui, on Indocalamus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: FHAC. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamus [Zhang1992X, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Zhang1992X, TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992).
CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 371, 580]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Zhang1992X [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-54].
Bambusaspis jubata Wu, S.J.NOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis jubatus Wu, S.J., 1983: 209. Type data: CHINA: Anhui province, Maanshan, on Indocalamus migoi. Holotype female. Type depository: Maanshan: Scientific Committee of Maanshan, Anhui Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis jubata; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 77. Notes: Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender.
HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamus migoi [Wu1983, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Wu1983, TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Wu (1983) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [catalogue: 77]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 372,580-581,706]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Wu1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-211].
Bambusaspis larga (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium largum Russell, 1941: 118. Type data: CHINA: on bamboo. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis largus; Wu, S.J., 1983: 311. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis larga; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 78. Notes: Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Russel1941, Yang1982].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 78]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 23]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-119,271]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 373, 581]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Wu1983 [taxonomy: 209, 211]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127].
Bambusaspis longa (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia miliaris longa Maskell, 1895b: 62. Nomen nudum.
Planchonia miliaria longa Green, 1896: 5. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Asterolecanium miliaris longum; Cockerell, 1896b: 328. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium lanceolatum Green, 1909a. Replacement name for Asterolecanium lineare Green, 1909a; synonymy by Russell, 1941: 122.
Asterolecanium lineare Green, 1909a: 336. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on leaves of Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 122.
Asterolecanium longum; Russell, 1941: 122. Change of combination and rank.
Bambusaspis longus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 374. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Green1896, Green1909a, Russel1941, Varshn1992], Bambusa [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1921a], Bambusa arundinacea [Russel1941], Bambusa spinosa [Russel1941], Bambusa vulgaris [Martor1976], Dendrocalamus [TangHa1995], Oxytenenthera [TangHa1995], Phyllostachys [TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [MerrilCh1923]). Neotropical: Cuba [MerrilCh1923]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976]). Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [Ramakr1919a]); Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Varshn1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138]; Cocker1896b [catalogue: 328]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 25]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 5]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 336-337, Pl. CXXVIII]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 284-285]; Lindin1909c [taxonomy: 451]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 21]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 62]; MerrilCh1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 276, 277]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 46]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-124,271]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 374-375, 581]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 69-70].
Bambusaspis longula (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium longulum Russell, 1941: 121. Type data: HONG KONG: on Arundinaria sinica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis longulus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 373. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis longula; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 79. Notes: Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender.
HOST: Poaceae: Arundinaria sinica [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 79]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121-122,273]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 373-374, 581]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127].
Bambusaspis magna Stumpf & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis magna Stumpf & Lambdin, 2006: 101. Type data: MEXICO: Sonora state, Nogales, Rosario, sin, on Guadua sp.; collected Shoe4ninger, Ehringer, 21.xii.1942. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 56179. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: giant pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Poaceae: Guadua [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Sonora [StumpfLa2006]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America].
CITATIONS: StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-104].
Bambusaspis marginalis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis marginalis Borchsenius, 1960d: 135. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, in forest, 50km south of Semao, Pinamikvan. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Borchs1960d, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, WangZh1987, TangHa1995]).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 144]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-136]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 23]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 375-376,581]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 122].
Bambusaspis masuii (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium masuii Kuwana, 1916: 148. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo and Nagasaki, on leaves of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis masuii; Borchsenius, 1960d: 140. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium (Bambusaspis) masuii; Kawai, 1972: 19. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, WangZh1987], Bambusa [Kuwana1916, Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Yang1982, WangZh1987, TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1916, Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and of first-instar nymph by Russell (1941)
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.9).
KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 144]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140-141]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 177-178]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 23]; Kuwana1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 148]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-127,275]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description: 6]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 376-377, 581]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 122].
Bambusaspis mexicana Stumpf & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis mexicana Stumpf & Lambdin, 2006: 104. Type data: MEXICO: (int.) on bamboo stem; collected A.D. Thompson, 23.iii.1974. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 2434. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Mexican pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [StumpfLa2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species og North and South America].
CITATIONS: StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-107].
Bambusaspis miliaris (Boisduval)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium miliaris Boisduval, 1869: 261. Type data: ALGERIA: Alger, at the garden of Hamma, on Bambusa distorta. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Bambusaspis miliaris; Cockerell, 1902g: 114. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium miliaris robustum Green, 1908a: 19. Type data: INDIA: Bengal, Pusa, on stems of bamboo. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 203. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Stumpf & Lambdin, 2001: 205.
Asterolecanium pseudomiliaris Green, 1922a: 1036. Type data: SRI LANKA: Peradeniya, on foliage of Bambusa sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 203. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Stumpf & Lambdin, 2001: 205.
Asterolecanium charmoyi Green, 1924b: 45. Type data: MAURITIUS: on foliage of Bambusa sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 203. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 160-162.
Asterolecanium pseudomiliaris bambusifoliae Takahashi, 1930: 11. Type data: TAIWAN: Nisui, on Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 160.
Asterolecanium miliaris miliaris; Russell, 1941: 129. Change of status.
Asterolecanium robustum; Ferris, 1955a: 16. Change of combination and rank.
Bambusaspis miliaris; Wang & Zhang, 1987: 40. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis pseudomiliaris; Williams & Watson, 1990: 203. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis robusta; Williams & Watson, 1990: 203. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Miliaris pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Arundinaria glaucescens [Russel1941], Bambusa [Ramakr1921a, Lepage1938, Russel1941, Zimmer1948, Riddic1955, Yang1982, EtiennMa1993], Bambusa [Green1922a, Green1937, Takaha1930, Takaha1933, Ferris1955a, TangHa1995], Bambusa [Ali1967a, WilliaWa1990, Varshn1992, TangHa1995], Bambusa argentea [Russel1941], Bambusa arundinacea [Ballou1926, Russel1941], Bambusa balcooa [Russel1941], Bambusa dissimulator [StumpfLa2006], Bambusa distorta [Russel1941], Bambusa nana [Russel1941], Bambusa oliveriana [Russel1941], Bambusa pallescens [Russel1941], Bambusa spinosa [Russel1941], Bambusa tulda [Russel1941], Bambusa tuldoides [Russel1941], Bambusa vulgaris vulgaris [Ballou1926, Russel1941, WilliaWa1990], Bambusa vulgaris aureo-variegata [Russel1941], Bambusa vulgaris aureo-variegata [Russel1941], Dendrocalamus giganteus [StumpfLa2006], Dendrocalamus strictus [Russel1941], Dendrocalamus thouarsii [Russel1941], Lingnanis fimbriculata [StumpfLa2006], Oxytenanthera abyssinica [Russel1941], Phyllostachys [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Schizostachyum [WilliaWa1990, Lit1997b], Schizostachyum glaucifolium [WilliaWa1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Russel1941]; Mauritius [Green1924b, Russel1941, Mamet1943a]; Reunion [Mamet1957, GermaiMiPa2014]; Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; South Africa [PerontSoGr2008]; Tanzania [Russel1941]. Australasian: Australia [Russel1941]; Fiji [Russel1941, WilliaWa1990]; Guam [StumpfLa2006]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Ehrhor1916, Russel1941, Zimmer1948]); Niue [WilliaWa1990]; Tonga [Russel1941, WilliaWa1990]. Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, StumpfLa2001], Illinois [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Russel1941]); Bermuda [Russel1941]; Brazil (Bahia [Russel1941], Minas Gerais [Russel1941], Rio de Janeiro [Russel1941], Sao Paulo [Lepage1938]); Colombia [Kondo2001]; Cuba [Ballou1926, Russel1941]; El Salvador [Russel1941]; Grenada [Russel1941]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guyana [Russel1941]; Jamaica [Russel1941]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Montserrat [Russel1941]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Russel1941, Martor1976]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands [Russel1941]; Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Suriname [StumpfLa2006]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [Russel1941], Trinidad [Russel1941]); Venezuela [Russel1941]. Oriental: Burma (=Myanmar) [Russel1941, Varshn1992]; China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [Russel1941, Yang1982, WangZh1987, TangHa1995]); India [Ramakr1921a, Russel1941] (Assam [Russel1941, Varshn1992], Bihar [Ali1967a, Varshn1992], Karnataka [Varshn1992], West Bengal [Varshn1992]); Pakistan [Varshn1992]; Philippines [Russel1941] (Luzon [Russel1941, Lit1997b]); Sri Lanka [Ramakr1921a, Green1922a, Green1937, Russel1941, Varshn1992]; Taiwan [Takaha1930, Takaha1933, Russel1941, WongChCh1999]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Russel1941]; China [Yang1982]; France [GermaiMaPi2002]; Japan [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2001, 2006). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Wong et al. (1999) and by Germain et al., (2003).
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) synonymized Asterolecanium pseudomiliaris bambusifoliae Takahashi, 1930, with Bambusaspis miliaris (Boisduval), while Wong et al. (1999) regarded the former as a separate species, Bambusaspis pseudomiliaris.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species have been recorded from many species of bamboo in the West Indies, Central and South America, Africa, Asia. The infestations on leaves and trunk makes the plants unsightly, and may reduce the quality of poles in furniture production.
KEYS: Giliomee & Kozar 2008: 285 (female) [South African species of Bambusaspis]; Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1967a [host, distribution: 30]; Ali1970a [catalogue: 140-141]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 11]; Boisdu1869 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 261, 262]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 77]; Cocker1896 [host, distribution: 9]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, distribution: 235]; EtiennMa1993 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 254]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105,106]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 51]; Ferris1955a [illustration, host, distribution: 16,20,25-27]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 758]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 256]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 22]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy, host , distribution: 282, 285]; GrandpCh1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19,339]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1036-1037]; Green1924b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-46]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 285]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hempel1900 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 409]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 23, 25]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 337]; Lit1997b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 90]; Malump2012b [distribution, economic importance, host: 210,211]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 149-150]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19-20]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 21]; Maskel1894 [taxonomy: 94]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 163]; Petch1921a [biological control: 89-167]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Riddic1955 [host, distribution: 7]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-130,160-162]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 281-282]; StumpfLa2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-211]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-112]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11]; Takaha1933 [host, distribution: 35]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 16]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 10]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 377,387-388,390-391]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 58,78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41, 42, 43]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 70-72]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 40]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-204]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9,46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 122,127,128]; Zimmer1948 [host, distribution: 279].
Bambusaspis mimica (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium mimicum Russell, 1941: 130. Type data: CHINA: Kwangsi, Foo Chiu Haang, Au Tsai, on Bambusa. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Asterolecanium minicum; Yang, 1982: 127. Misspelling of species name.
Bambusaspis mimicus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 378. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Bambusa vulgaris [MatileEt2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]. Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [Russel1941, TangHa1995]); Hong Kong [Russel1941]. Palaearctic: China [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 23]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 163]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-131,277]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 378, 581]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127].
Bambusaspis minuscula (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium minusculum Russell, 1941: 133. Type data: CHINA: Kwangsi, Chung Chou, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis minusculus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 378. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis minuscula; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 82. Notes: Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Yang1982], Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa nana [Russel1941], Bambusa spinosa [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Hainan [Russel1941, TangHa1995]); Vietnam [Russel1941]. Palaearctic: China [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138-139]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 82]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 23-24]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135,277]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 378-379, 582]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127].
Bambusaspis minuta (Takahashi)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium minutum Takahashi, 1930: 10. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, Nisui, Suisha; Naze (Amamioshima), on the lower side of the leaf of Bambusa stenostachya. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.
Bambusaspis minutus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 379. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis minuta; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 82. Notes: Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria glaucescens [Russel1941, Varshn1992, Varshn1994, TangHa1995], Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Bambusa stenostachya [Takaha1930], Bambusa tulda [Russel1941, Varshn1992, Varshn1994], Dendrocalamus [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, TangHa1995]); India [Russel1941] (West Bengal [Varshn1992, Varshn1994]); Taiwan [Russel1941, Varshn1994, TangHa1995, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Varshn1994]; Vietnam [Russel1941, Varshn1994]. Palaearctic: China [Varshn1994]; Japan [Kawai1980].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999).
KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 82-83]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 177]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-136,278]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10, 11]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 379-380,582]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 70]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 338, 339]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8-9,45-46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127].
Bambusaspis nanlinnatalis Zhang, X.NOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis nanlinnatalis Zhang, X., 1992: 64. Type data: CHINA: Anhui, Shexian county, on Indocalamus sp.; collected Zhang Xuefan, v.1986. Holotype female. Type depository: Huang-shan: Forest Protection and Quarantine Station, Forestry Bureau of Huang-shan City, Anhui, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamus [Zhang1992aX].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Zhang1992aX]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992a).
CITATIONS: Zhang1992aX [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65,68].
Bambusaspis nematosphaerica Zhang, X.NOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis nematosphaerica Zhang, X., 1992a: 67. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Tunxi, Huangshan City, on lower surface of leaves of Indocalamus sp.; collected Zhang Xuefan, xi.1982. Holotype female. Type depository: Huang-shan: Forest Protection and Quarantine Station, Forestry Bureau of Huang-shan City, Anhui, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamus [Zhang1992aX].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Zhang1992aX]).
BIOLOGY: Found on lower surface of leaves (Zhang, 1992a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992a).
CITATIONS: Zhang1992aX [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-69].
Bambusaspis neojubata Tang & HaoNOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis neojubatus Tang & Hao, 1995: 381. Type data: CHINA: Henan Province, Zhengzhou city, on stems of Phyllostachys sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis neojubata; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 83. Notes: Ben-Dov; change name to agree in gender
HOST: Poaceae: Phyllostachys [TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Sichuan (=Szechwan) [TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China (Henan (=Honan) [TangHa1995]).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [catalogue: 83]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 381,582-583,704]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42].
Bambusaspis notabilis (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium notabile Russell, 1941: 140. Type data: CHINA: on bamboo. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis notabile; Wang & Zhang, 1987: 40. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis notabilis; Tao, 1999: 42.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [WangZh1987], Arundinaria amabilis [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Phyllostachys puberula [TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, WangZh1987, TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-141,280]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 381-382, 583, 705]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 40-41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127].
Bambusaspis oblonga (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium oblongum Russell, 1941: 142. Type data: CHINA: on bamboo. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis oblongus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 382. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis oblonga; ScaleNet, 2005: x.
HOST: Poaceae: Gigantochloa tessellata [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-143,280]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 382-383, 583]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].
Bambusaspis octocircularis Stumpf & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis octocircularis Stumpf & Lambdin, 2006: 112. Type data: PANAMA CANAL ZONE: Balboa, on Bambusa sp.; intercepted at San Diego, USA, # 1566, by Warren, 18.vi.1948. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 48-1334. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: strange pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama Canal Zone [StumpfLa2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America].
CITATIONS: StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-115].
Bambusaspis ordinaria (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium ordinarium Russell, 1941: 144. Type data: CHINA: on bamboo. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis ordinarius; Tang & Hao, 1995: 383. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis ordinaria; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 84. Notes: Ben-Dov; change name to agree in gender.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Russel1941, Yang1982].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 84]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145,281]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 383-384, 583]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].
Bambusaspis parva (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium parvum Russell, 1941: 148. Type data: CHINA: Hainan Island, Kachek, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis parvus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 384. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis parva; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 85. Notes: Ben-Dov; change name to agree in gender
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hainan [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 85]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-149,283]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 384-385, 583]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].
Bambusaspis penicillata (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium penicillatum Russell, 1941: 150. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung, P'oon Ue district, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis penicillatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 385. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941], Dendrocalamus [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-151,284]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 385-386, 584]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42].
Bambusaspis protrusa Zhang, W.B. & Zhang, X.F.NOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis protrusus Zhang, W.B. & Zhang, X.F., 1997: 12. Type data: CHINA: Anhui, Shexian county, on Indocalamus sp.; collected 21.vi.1992, by Zhang Weibing and Zhang Xuefan. Holotype female. Type depository: Huang-shan: Forest Protection and Quarantine Station, Forestry Bureau of Huang-shan City, Anhui, China. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis protrusa; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 85. Notes: Ben-Dov, change name to agree in gender
HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamus [ZhangZh1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [ZhangZh1997]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang & Zhang (1997).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [catalogue: 85]; ZhangZh1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-14].
Bambusaspis pseudolanceolata (Takahashi)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium lanceolatum; Takahashi, 1930: 11. Misidentification; discovered by Takahashi, 1933: 34.
Asterolecanium pseudolanceolatum Takahashi, 1933: 34. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, Heito, on Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.
Bambusaspis pseudolanceolatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 386. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis pseudolanceolata; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 85. Notes: Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Takaha1933, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [TangHa1995]); Taiwan [Takaha1933, TangHa1995].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 140]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 85]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24-25]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-160,289]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 11]; Takaha1933 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34-35]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 386-387, 584]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42].
Bambusaspis pseudominuscula BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis pseudominuscula Borchsenius, 1960d: 142. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, Sishyanbana, vicinity of Minhai, on Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, WangZh1987].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, WangZh1987]).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 144]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-144]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 25]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 388, 584]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 122].
Bambusaspis pusilla (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium pusillum Russell, 1941: 163. Type data: CHINA: Hainan Island, Kwangtung, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis pusillus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 388. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis pusilla; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 404. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982], Schizostachyum [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982], Hainan [Russel1941, TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 140]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 25]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 406]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165,290]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 388-389, 584]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].
Bambusaspis qingyuanensis Hu & XiaNOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis qingyuanensis Hu & Xia, 1988: 196. Type data: CHINA: Qingyuan, Zhejiang, on leaves of Indocalamus tessellatus; coll. May 2, 1982. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanghai: Shanghai Institute of Entomology, China. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis qinyunensis; Tao, 1999: 43. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamus tessellatus [HuXi1988].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [HuXi1988]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hu & Xia (1988).
CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; HuXi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-198]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43].
Bambusaspis radiata (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium radiatum Russell, 1941: 175. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung, Tungking, on Schizostachyum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis radiatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 389. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis radiata; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 87. Notes: Ben-Dov, change name to agree in gender
HOST: Poaceae: Schizostachyum [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 140]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 87]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 25]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-176,294]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 389-390, 584]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].
Bambusaspis rubrocomata (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium rubrocomatum Green, 1909a: 316. Type data: SRI LANKA: Vatiyantota, on Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis rubrocomatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 391. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis rubrocomata; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 87. Notes: Ben-Dov, change name to agree in gender
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of adult female, nymph and male described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 87]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 282]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-180,295]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 63]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 391-392]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 71].
Bambusaspis rufa Zhang, X.NOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis rufa Zhang, X., 1992a: 65. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Shexian county, on upper surface of leaves of Indocalamus sp.; collected Zhang Zuefan, v. 1987. Holotype female. Type depository: Huang-shan: Forest Protection and Quarantine Station, Forestry Bureau of Huang-shan City, Anhui, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamus [Zhang1992aX].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Zhang1992aX]).
BIOLOGY: Found on upper surface of leaves (Zhang, 1992a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992a).
CITATIONS: Zhang1992aX [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66,69].
Bambusaspis sasae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium sasae Russell, 1941: 182. Type data: JAPAN: Yumoto, Nikko, on Sasa albo-marginata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis sasae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 139. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium (Bambusaspis) sasae; Kawai, 1972: 19. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria fastuosa [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Sasa albo-marginata [Russel1941, Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.8).
KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 139-141]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 177]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 25]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182-183,297]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description: 6]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 392-393].
Bambusaspis shenzhenensis Wu, S.J.NOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis shenzhenensis Wu, S.J., 1992: 75. Type data: CHINA: Kwantung Province, Shenzhen, on Bambusa stenostachya. Holotype female. Type depository: Maanshan: Scientific Committee of Maanshan, Anhui Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis shanghensis; Tao, 1999: 42. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa stenostachya [Wu1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Wu1992]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Wu (1992).
CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; Wu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-77].
Bambusaspis solenophoroides (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia solenophoroides Maskell, 1895b: 62. Nomen nudum.
Planchonia solenophoroides Green, 1896: 6. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Asterolecanium solenophoroides; Cockerell, 1896b: 328. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis solenophoroides; Cockerell, 1902g: 114. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Green1896, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992, Varshn1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (West Bengal [Ramakr1921a, Varshn1992, Varshn1994]); Sri Lanka [Green1896, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992, Varshn1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, test of female, larva, test of male and male nymph by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 145]; Cocker1896 [taxonomy: 53]; Cocker1902g [taxonomy: 114]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 26]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 53]; Green1896 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 284]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 62]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192-193,300]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 393-394]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 72-73]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 339].
Bambusaspis sparus (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium sparus Russell, 1941: 193. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung, Hainan, Naam-fung, on Dinochloa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis sparus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 394. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Dinochloa [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982], Hainan [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 26]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-194,301]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 394, 584]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].
Bambusaspis subdola (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium subdolum Russell, 1941: 201. Type data: CHINA: Fukien, Koolong Ue, on Phyllostachys aurea. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis subdolus; Wang & Zhang, 1987: 41. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis subdola; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 406. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
HOST: Poaceae: Phyllostachys aurea [Russel1941, WangZh1987, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Russel1941, WangZh1987, TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 26]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 406]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-203,304]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 395,584,707]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41].
Bambusaspis tennuissima (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium tennuissimum Green, 1909a: 318. Type data: SRI LANKA: Udagama and Yatiyantota, on both surfaces of leaves of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis tennuissimus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 396. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis tennuissima; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 89. Notes: Ben-Dov, change name to agree in gender
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Russel1941, Varshn1992].
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her.
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 89]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 318]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 232]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 396]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 71].
Bambusaspis tetrasetosa Stumpf& LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis tetrasetosa Stumpf& Lambdin, 2006: 118. Type data: PUERTO RICO: near Arus, on Bambusa sp.; collected S. Nakahara, 17.vii.1977. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 77-123. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Puerto Rican pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [StumpfLa2006]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America].
CITATIONS: StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-121].
Bambusaspis udagamae (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium udagamae Green, 1909a: 319. Type data: SRI LANKA: Udagama, on leaf of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Bambusaspis udagamae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 396. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Varshn1992], Bambusa [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Varshn1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-213,309]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 63]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 396-397]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 72].
Bambusaspis vulgaris (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium vulgare Russell, 1941: 226. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung, K'uk Kong district, Lung T'au Shan, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis vulgare; Tang & Hao, 1995: 397. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis vulgaris; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 90. Notes: Ben-Dov, change name to agree in gender
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 143]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 90]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description ,illustration, host, distribution: 226-227,316]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 397-398, 585, 708]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].
Bambusaspis xinanensis Zhang, XNOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis xinanensis Zhang, X, 1992a: 66. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Shexian county, on upper surface of leaves of Indocalamus sp.; collected Zhang Xuefan, vi.1986. Holotype female. Type depository: Huang-shan: Forest Protection and Quarantine Station, Forestry Bureau of Huang-shan City, Anhui, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamus [Zhang1992aX].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Zhang1992aX]).
BIOLOGY: Found on upper surface of leaves (Zhang, 1992a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992a).
CITATIONS: Zhang1992aX [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67,69].
Elagatis Wu, Shi-junNOMENCLATURE:
Elagatis Wu, Shi-jun, 2006: 43. Type species: Elagatis tongzaense Wu, Shi-jun, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Wu (2006).
CITATIONS: Wu2006 [taxonomy, description: 43-46].
Elagatis tongzaense Wu, Shi-junNOMENCLATURE:
Elagatis tongzaense Wu, Shi-jun, 2006: 43. Type data: CHINA: Hainan Province, Tongshi City, on Sinocalamus sp.; collected 12, 18.vii.1995 by Wu, Shi-jun. Holotype female. Type depository: Maanshan: Scientific Committee of Maanshan, Anhui Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Sinocalamus [Wu2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hainan [Wu2006]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Wu (2006).
CITATIONS: Wu2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-46].
Endernia DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Endernia Danzig, 1971a: 1414. Type species: Endernia despoliata Danzig, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Danzig (1971a) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Danzig 1988: 710 (female) [Far East of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Danzig1971a [taxonomy, description: 1414-1415]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 26]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 281-282].
Endernia despoliata DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Endernia despoliata Danzig, 1971a: 1414. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Vladivostok, on Quercus mongolica. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus mongolica [Danzig1971a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971a, Danzig1980b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1971a, 1980b).
STRUCTURE: The female of Endernia despoliata induces the formation of a pit, which is much deeper than the pits induced by other asterolecaniid species; the exuviae of second-instar nymph cover the external opening of the pit; males do not induce pit formation (Danzig, 1971a, 1980b).
KEYS: Danzig 1988: 710 (female) [Far East of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Danzig1971a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1414-1415]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69,74,242-244]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 26]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 282].
Frenchia MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Frenchia Maskell, 1892: 56. Type species: Frenchia casuarinae, by monotypy.
Freenchia; Balachowsky, 1937d: 49. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Maskell (1892) and by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981).
STRUCTURE: The genus Frenchia includes three species, namely F. banksiae, F. casuarinae and F. semiocculta, all known from Australia. Each species induces a different type of gall (Gullan et al., 2004).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1981: 107 (adult female) [World]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1981: 107 (second instar female) [world]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1981: 109 (First instar) [World].
CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue: 39]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; LambdiKo1981 [taxonomy, description, revision, key: 105-128]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 189-190]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description: 56-60]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description: 17-20]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description: 22]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 81]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 3].
Frenchia banksiae Lambdin & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Frenchia banksiae Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1981: 109. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, near Bairnsdale, from leaf galls of Banksia serrata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Proteaceae: Banksia serrata [LambdiKo1981].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [LambdiKo1981]).
BIOLOGY: The type material of Frenchia banksiae was taken from leaf galls on Banksia serrata; the gall has tufts of modified leaf hairs on both leaf surfaces (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1981). Males apparently do not form galls (Gullan et al, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: First-instar female nymph described and illustrated by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981). Second-instar female nymph described and illustrated by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981).
CITATIONS: GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, structure: 163,173-178]; LambdiKo1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-115].
Frenchia casuarinae MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Frenchia casuarinae Maskell, 1892: 57. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Casuarina sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1981: 115. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.
HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Allocasuarina verticillata [GullanMiCo2005], Casuarina [Maskel1892], Casuarina equisetifolia [Maskel1892, LambdiKo1981], Casuarina quadrivalvis [LambdiKo1981].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Maskel1892] (Australian Capital Territory [LambdiKo1981], South Australia [LambdiKo1981], Tasmania [LambdiKo1981], Victoria [GullanMiCo2005]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, second-instar female nymph and first-instar female nymph described and illustrated by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981).
STRUCTURE: Photograph of mature gall of female by Gullan et al. (2004). Single galls occur on small twigs, while multiple galls, housing two or three insects are found on larger twigs (Gullan et al., 2004).
CITATIONS: DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 25]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 39]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, structure: 163,173-178]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; LambdiKo1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-121]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-60].
Frenchia semiocculta MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Frenchia semiocculta Maskell, 1895b: 70. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Thronleigh, near Sydney, on Casuarina sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1981: 121. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.
HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina suberosa [Maskel1895b, LambdiKo1981].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1895b, LambdiKo1981]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, first-instar and second-instar female nymph by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981).
CITATIONS: DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 26]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 39]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, structure: 163,173-178]; LambdiKo1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, key: 121-126]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-73]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24].
Grammococcus Miller & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Grammococcus Miller & Lambdin, 1978: 240. Type species: Grammococcus adetocorymbus Miller & Lambdin, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Miller & Lambdin (1978) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 20-22 (female) [Genera of North and South America].
CITATIONS: KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy: 7]; MillerLa1978 [taxonomy, description: 240-243]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description: 121,1-231].
Grammococcus adetocorymbus Miller & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Grammococcus adetocorymbus Miller & Lambdin, 1978: 243. Type data: TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, St. Clair, Department of Agriculture Grounds, on palm. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Trinidad pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae [MillerLa1978].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [MillerLa1978]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, first instar, second instar female, male pupa and male prepupa given by Miller & Lambdin (1978).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America].
CITATIONS: MillerLa1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-257]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy: 121-122].
Grammococcus corymbus Miller & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Grammococcus corymbus Miller & Lambdin, 1978: 257. Type data: COLOMBIA: Melgar (Cund.), on Elaeis guineensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Colombian pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Astrocaryum chonata [StumpfLa2006], Elaeis guineensis [MillerLa1978], Scheelea brachyclada [Matile1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [MillerLa1978, Kondo2001]; Peru [Matile1996].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female, adult male, second instar female, and second instar male given by Miller & Lambdin (1978).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1996).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Matile-Ferrero 1996: 261 (adult female) [Peru].
CITATIONS: Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Matile1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 252-253]; MillerLa1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-263]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 122].
Hsuia FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Hsuia Ferris, 1950a: 70. Type species: Hsuia vitrea Ferris, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris (1950a), Borchsenius (1960d) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 283 (adult) [world].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 145]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 167]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description: 70-71]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 26]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 94]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 280, 282-283]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 44]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36].
Hsuia cheni BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Hsuia cheni Borchsenius, 1960d: 167. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan, Guansyan district, on leafs of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Poaceae [Borchs1960d], Bambusa [TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [Borchs1960d, TangHa1995], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [TangHa1995]).
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167,169]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 27]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 283, 571]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44].
Hsuia notata (Lambdin)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium notatum Lambdin, 1977: 625. Type data: PHILIPPINES: on Dendrocalamus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Hsuia notata; Tang & Hao, 1995: 283. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Dendrocalamus [Lambdi1977].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Lambdi1977].
CITATIONS: Lambdi1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 625-627]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 283-284].
Hsuia vitrea FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Hsuia vitrea Ferris, 1950a: 71. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan province, near Kunming, at Si-shan, on a small bamboo, possibly a species of Arundinaria. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Ferris1950a], Bambusa [Yang1982, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Ferris1950a, Yang1982, TangHa1995]).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue, illustration: 145]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 167]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 27]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 284, 571]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131].
Hyalococcus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Hyalococcus Borchsenius, 1950a: 782. Type species: Hyalococcus mali Borchsenius, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1950a, 1960d), and by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 398 (adult) [world]; Danzig 1988: 710 (female) [Far East of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Borchs1950a [taxonomy, description: 782-783]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 164-167]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 27]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 94]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 335, 398]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36].
Hyalococcus mali BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Hyalococcus mali Borchsenius, 1950a: 782. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on bark of trunks and branches of Malus manshurica and on Pyrus ussuriensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Rosaceae: Malus manshurica [Borchs1950a, Borchs1960d], Pyrus ussuriensis [Borchs1950a, Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Borchs1950a, Borchs1960d]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d).
KEYS: Danzig 1988: 710 (female) [Far East of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Borchs1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 782-783]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-167]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 27]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 398-399].
Hyalococcus striatus (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium striatum Russell, 1941: 198. Type data: INDONESIA: JAVA, on Citrus sp.; collected G. Compere. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 514. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Paratypes from Java and also from Singapore.
Hyalococcus striatus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 164. Change of combination.
HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, WilliaWa1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Kalsho1981]); Singapore [Russel1941, Borchs1960d].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and nymph by Russell (1941).
SYSTEMATICS: Ben-Dov (1960b) erroneously listed this species twice, on page 64 as Asterolecanium striatum and on page 96 as Hyalococcus striatus.
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [species of Asterolecanium.].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 164]; Kalsho1981 [description, distribution, economic importance, host: 164]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-199, 303]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 198-199,303]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 399-400]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 199].
Liuaspis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Liuaspis Borchsenius, 1960d: 174. Type species: Liuaspis sinensis Borchsenius, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1960d) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 145]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 174]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 27]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 110]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 289, 309-310]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 45]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36].
Liuaspis sinensis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Liuaspis sinensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 174. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan province, near Tsindun, in forest, on stems of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Poaceae [Borchs1960d], Bambusa [Yang1982, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue, illustration: 145-146]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 27]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 310, 574]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131].
Mycetococcus FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Mycetococcus Ferris, 1918b: 330. Type species: Cerococcus ehrhorni Cockerell, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris (1918b; 1955a) and by Gill (1993).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 20-22 (female) [Genera of Nearctic region]; Ferris 1955a: 14 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: Ferris1918b [taxonomy, description: 330-331]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 56]; Gill1993 [taxonomy: 97, 103]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 188-189]; Miller1996 [catalogue: 69]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 126]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156].
Mycetococcus corticis (Townsend & Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus corticis Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 170. Type data: MEXICO: Sonora, Nogales, on bark of Quercus engelmanni. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Mycetococcus corticis; Ferris, 1918b: 331. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus engelmanni [TownseCo1898, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Sonora [TownseCo1898, Ferris1955a, Miller1996], Veracruz [Miller1996]).
CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue: 57]; Ferris1918b [taxonomy, taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 331-332]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 57]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, distribution: 103]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 57]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170].
Mycetococcus ehrhorni (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus ehrhorni Cockerell, 1895o: 255. Type data: USA: California, on oak. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Mycetococcus ehrhorni; Ferris, 1918b: 330. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus densiflora [Gill1993], Quercus agrifolia [Gill1993], Quercus chrysolepis [Gill1993].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Cocker1895o, BrownEa1965a, Gill1993]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1918b) and by Gill (1993).
CITATIONS: BrownEa1965a [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 13-14]; Cocker1895o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 255]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 57]; Ferris1918b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 330-331]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 103, 113]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83].
Mycococcus FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Mycococcus Ferris, 1952: 2. Type species: Mycococcus coperniciae Ferris, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris (1952; 1955a).
SYSTEMATICS: Ferris (1952; 1955a) stated that this genus is apparently referable to the family Asterolecaniidae. The adult female of the type species is concealed beneath a roughly circular, flat, more or less vitreous scale, bearing dorsally a number of quite stout, curling filaments of wax. This is a most peculiar genus, the adult female of which contains almost no clue to its relationships. The 8-shaped pores of the first stage larva, seem to indicate a relationship with the Asterolecaniidae.
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 20-22 (female) [Genera of Nearctic region].
CITATIONS: Ferris1952 [taxonomy, description: 2,4]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 61-63]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 290].
Mycococcus coperniciae FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Mycococcus coperniciae Ferris, 1952: 2. Type data: CUBA: Province Las Villas, near Santa Clara, on a palm, Copernicia hospita; collected in summer 1951, by Dr. B.E. Dahlgren. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Copernicia barteroana [MatileEt2006], Copernicia hospita [Ferris1952, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Ferris1952, Ferris1955a]; Dominican Republic [MatileEt2006]; Haiti [PerezG2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of first instar nymph and adult female by Ferris (1952; 1955a).
SYSTEMATICS: Ferris (1952) also described on page 3, the species Colobopyga coperniciae Ferris that has the same type data as Mycococcus coperniciae Ferris. Colobopyga coperniciae belongs to the family Halimococcidae.
CITATIONS: Ferris1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2,4]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 163]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213].
Mycococcus diaspidiformis (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus diaspidiformis Green, 1916e: 64. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Stapleton, on a palm, Livistona humilis; collected Hill, 640. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Mycococcus diaspidiformis; Ferris, 1952: 2. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae: Livistona humilis [Green1916e].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Green1916e]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of first instar nymph and adult female by Green (1916e).
SYSTEMATICS: Miller et al. (1998) tentatively agreed with Ferris (1952) assignment of this species to the Asterolecaniidae, but indicated that it is clearly not congeneric with the Mycococcus coperniciae Ferris, the type species of Mycococcus.
CITATIONS: Ferris1952 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2]; Green1916e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy: 165]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 290].
Neoasterodiaspis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Neoasterodiaspis Borchsenius, 1960d: 207. Type species: Asterolecanium pasaniae Kuwana & Cockerell, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1960d), Tang & Hao (1995), Liu & Shi (1993) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 20-22 (female) [Genera of North and South America]; Tang & Hao 1995: 311-312 (adult) [world]; Borchsenius 1960d: 208-209 (adult) [Russia].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 146]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 207-209]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 28]; LiuSh1993 [taxonomy: 181-182, 187-188]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 129]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description: 122,1-231]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 289, 310-312]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 45]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36].
Neoasterodiaspis adjuncta (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium adjunctum Russell, 1941: 39. Type data: VIETNAM: on Quercus hemisphaerica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Neoasterodiaspis adjuncta; Borchsenius, 1960d: 208. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: adjunct pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus hemisphaerica [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 135]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 208]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 18]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-40,238]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-125]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 312-313].
Neoasterodiaspis castaneae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium castaneae Russell, 1941: 59. Type data: CHINA: intercepted at Washington D.C., Castanea mollissima. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes:
Neoasterodiaspis castaneae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 208. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Castanea [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Castanea henryi [Russel1941], Castanea mollissima [Russel1941], Castanea sequinii [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [TangHa1995], Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) [TangHa1995], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
STRUCTURE: This species induces formation of pits on bark (Russell, 1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 208]; GullanMiCo2005 [host, distribution, structure: 163,173-178]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 182]; Jia2001 [host, distribution: 32-34]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 28]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61,247]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 313, 574]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135].
Neoasterodiaspis horishae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium horishae Russell, 1941: 106. Type data: TAIWAN(FORMOSA): Horisha, Nanto province, on Pasania brevicaudata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Neoasterodiaspis horishae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 208. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus [Russel1941, Yang1982], Pasania brevicaudata [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 208]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 28]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-107,266]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 314, 574]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135].
Neoasterodiaspis kunminensis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Neoasterodiaspis kunminensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 209. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, vicinity of Kunmin, forest on Sishan mountain, on Fagaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Neoasterodiaspis kuminensis; Tao, 1999: 45. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Fagaceae [Borchs1960d, Yang1982], Quercus [TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue, illustration: 146]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-211]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 28]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 314-315, 574]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135].
Neoasterodiaspis nitida (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium nitidum Russell, 1941: 139. Type data: CHINA: Chekiang , Tientai Shan, on Lithocarpus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Neoasterodiaspis nitidum; Borchsenius, 1960d: 208. Change of combination.
Neoasterodiaspis nitida; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 99. Notes: Ben-Dov, change name to agree in gender
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus [TangHa1995], Pasania [Russel1941, Yang1982], Quercus [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Russel1941, Yang1982]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [catalogue: 99-100]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 208]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 28]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-140,279]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 315-316, 574]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135].
Neoasterodiaspis pasaniae (Kuwana & Cockerell {in}: Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium pasaniae Kuwana & Cockerell {in}: Kuwana, 1909: 152. Type data: JAPAN: Hachijo Jima, on Pasania cuspidata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Neoasterodiaspis pasaniae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 214, 215. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium (Neoasterodiaspis) pasaniae; Kawai, 1972: 19. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Pasania cuspidata [Kuwana1909, Borchs1960d], Quercus [TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1909, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Russell (1941).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.16).
KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 179]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 28]; Kuwana1909 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-150,283]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description: 5]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-317,574,696]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 134].
Neoasterodiaspis semisepulta (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium semisepultum Russell, 1941: 186. Type data: THAILAND: Chieng Mai Province, between Takaw and Meh Soi, on Pasania polystachya. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Neoasterodiaspis semisepulta; Borchsenius, 1960d: 208. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Pasania polystachya [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 208]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-187,298]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 317].
Neoasterodiaspis skanianae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium skanianae Russell, 1941: 191. Type data: CHINA: Kweichow, Tuk Shan, on Quercus (Pasania) scaniana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Neoasterodiaspis skanianae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 208. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Pasania skaniana [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Quercus [TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guizhou (=Kweichow) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 208]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 29]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-192,300]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 318, 574, 697]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135].
Neoasterodiaspis szemaonensis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Neoasterodiaspis szemaoensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 211. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, south of Szemao, in forest, on Fagaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae [Borchs1960d, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 146]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211, 212]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 29]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318-319, 575]; Tao1999; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135].
Neoasterodiaspis yunnanensis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Neoasterodiaspis yunnanensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 212. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, 82km south of Midu, in forest, on Fagaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fagaceae [Borchs1960d, Yang1982], Pasania dealbata [Borchs1960d, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 146]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-214]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 29]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 319-320, 575]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135].
Oacoccus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Oacoccus Williams, 2007a: 1347. Type species: Oacoccus nothofagi Williams, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Williams (2007a).
KEYS: Williams 2007a: 1346 (female) [Genera of Asterolecaniidae in New Caledonia].
Oacoccus nothofagi WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Oacoccus nothofagi Williams, 2007a: 1348. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: Mt Do, altitude 1000 m, on twigs and woody petioles of NOthofagus codonandra; collected J.S. Dugdale, 22 October 1978. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 23. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Nothofagus codonandra [Willia2007a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [Willia2007a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2007a).
CITATIONS: Willia2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1348-1350].
Palmaspis BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Palmaspis Bodenheimer, 1951: 328. Type species: Asterolecanium phoenicis Ramachandra Rao.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Bodenheimer (1951), Tang & Hao (1995), Matile-Ferrero (1996) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006),
SYSTEMATICS: Tang & Hao (1995, p. 575) redefined the scope of the genus and placed in it 27 species from various regions of the world. Matile-Ferrero (1996) also accepted Palmaspis as a valid genus, defined it and assigned to it 29 species.
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 20-22 (female) [Genera of North and South America]; Matile-Ferrero 1996: 261-262 (adult female) [Peru]; Tang & Hao 1995: 321 (adult) [world].
CITATIONS: Bodenh1951 [taxonomy, description: 328]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 29]; Matile1996 [taxonomy, key: 251-264]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 142]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description: 125,1-231]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 320-321, 575].
Palmaspis asetosa Stumpf & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Palmaspis asetosa Stumpf & Lambdin, 2006: 125. Type data: COSTA RICA: intercepted at Miami, Flrida, USA, on palm leaf; collected E.B. Lee, 28.vii.1978. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 18811. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: asetose pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [StumpfLa2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America].
CITATIONS: StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-128].
Palmaspis bicircularis Stumpf & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Palmaspis bicircularis Stumpf & Lambdin, 2006: 128. Type data: GUATEMALA: intercepted at Los Angeles, California, USA, on palm leaf; collected J. Thew, 21.iii.1979. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 2224. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Guatemalan pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [StumpfLa2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America].
CITATIONS: StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-131].
Palmaspis boliviae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium boliviae Russell, 1941: 52. Type data: BOLIVIA: San Carlos, on Palmae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis boliviae; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 252. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Bolivian pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Catostigma radiata? [Russel1941], Euterpe precatoria [Matile1996], Jessenia bataua [Matile1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Russel1941]; Colombia [Russel1941, Kondo2001]; Ecuador [StumpfLa2006]; Peru [Matile1996].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 252-254]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53,243]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-134].
Palmaspis bondari (Lepage)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium bondari Lepage, 1940: 69-78. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on Attalea funifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
Palmaspis bondari; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Lepage pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae: Attalea funifera [Lepage1940, StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [Lepage1940]); Venezuela [StumpfLa2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Lepage (1940), Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Lepage1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-73]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-211,308]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134-136].
Palmaspis degenerata (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium degeneratum Russell, 1941: 75. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on Cocos nucifera. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis degenerata; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Degenerate pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Attalea [StumpfLa2006], Cocos nucifera [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006], Maximiliana [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [Russel1941], Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [StumpfLa2006]); Ecuador [StumpfLa2006]; Venezuela [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-25 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-76,253]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-139].
Palmaspis dictyospermae (Williams & Mamet)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium dictyospermae Williams & Mamet, 1986: 129. Type data: MAURITIUS: Round Island, on Dictyosperma album var. conjugatum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Palmaspis dictyospermae; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae: Dictyosperma album conjugatum [WilliaMa1986].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [WilliaMa1986].
CITATIONS: Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; WilliaMa1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-132].
Palmaspis difficilis (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium difficile Russell, 1941: 78. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, vicinity of Las Cruses, on Cocos sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis difficilis; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Panama pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae [StumpfLa2006], Acristaceae? [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Cocos [Russel1941, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [StumpfLa2006]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-79,254]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-142].
Palmaspis distincta (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium distinctum Russell, 1941: 80. Type data: HONDURAS: La Ceiba, on Attalea cohune. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes:
Palmaspis distincta; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: distinct pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Attalea cohune [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Ceiba [StumpfLa2006]. Poaceae: Bambusa [Yang1982], Schizostachyum [Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [Russel1941]; Honduras [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Palaearctic: China [Yang1982].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-81,255]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-145]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127].
Palmaspis elvae Matile-FerreroNOMENCLATURE:
Palmaspis elvae Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 254. Type data: PERU: Iquitos, 25 km on the road to Nauta, El Dorado plantation, on Bactris gasipae. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Elva pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae: Bactris gasipae [Matile1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Matile1996].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1996).
KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru].
CITATIONS: CouturTaIn1996 [host, distribution: 136]; Matile1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 254-256]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy: 175].
Palmaspis flagellariae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium flagellariae Russell, 1941: 93. Type data: SINGAPORE: Botanic garden, Straits supplement, on Flagellaria indica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis flagellariae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 321. Change of combination.
HOST: Flagellariaceae: Flagellaria indica [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-94,260]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 321-322].
Palmaspis gilva (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium gilvum Russell, 1941: 99. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, old site of Gorgona, on Attalea cohune. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis gilva; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: yellow pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Attalea cohune [Russel1941], Attalea gomphococca [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
SYSTEMATICS: Stumpf & Lambdin (2006) indicated that Palmaspis gilva may be a sister taxon to the genus Grammococcus.
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-100,262]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-147].
Palmaspis hilli (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium hilli Green, 1916e: 63. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Stapleton, on foliage of a Livistona humilis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Palmaspis hilli; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae: Livistona humilis [Green1916e].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Green1916e, Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Green1916e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-64]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-106,265].
Palmaspis inlabefacta (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium inlabefactum Russell, 1941: 112. Type data: MEXICO: Cordoba, on Chamaeodorea sp.; collected O.F. Cook. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis inlabefacta; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Cordoba pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae [StumpfLa2006], Chamaedorea [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Veracruz [Miller1996], Veracruz [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-113,268]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-150].
Palmaspis inusitata (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium inusitatum Russell, 1941: 113. Type data: VENEZUELA: Cerro del Galipan, north of Caracas, on Caryota sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis inusitata; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: unusual pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae: Caryota [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-114,269]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-153].
Palmaspis jesseniae Matile-FerreroNOMENCLATURE:
Palmaspis jesseniae Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 256. Type data: PERU: Loreto, Jenaro Herrera, on Jessenia bataua. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Jessenia pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae: Jessenia bataua [Matile1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Matile1996].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1996).
KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru].
CITATIONS: Matile1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 256-257]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy: 175].
Palmaspis jubae Stumpf & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Palmaspis jubae Stumpf & Lambdin, 2006: 153. Type data: CHILE: on Jubaea chilensis; collected 17.xii.1999. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; type no. 1199210. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Chilean giant palm pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae: Jubaea chilensis [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [StumpfLa2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America].
CITATIONS: StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-155].
Palmaspis longifila (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium longifilum Borchsenius, 1950: 727. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, on Palmae. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Palmaspis longifilum; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
Palmaspis longifila; Stumpf & Lambdin, 2006: 175. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
COMMON NAME: Borchsenius' pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae [Borchs1950].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Borchs1950]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1950).
CITATIONS: Borchs1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 727, 728]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description: 175-176].
Palmaspis loretoensis Matile-FerreroNOMENCLATURE:
Palmaspis loretoensis Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 256. Type data: PERU: Loreto, Jenaro Herrera, Supay Cocha, on Oenocarpus mapora. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Loreto pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae: Oenocarpus mapora [Matile1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Matile1996].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1996).
KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru].
CITATIONS: Matile1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 256-260]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy: 176].
Palmaspis marfil Matile-FerreroNOMENCLATURE:
Palmaspis marfil Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 260. Type data: PERU: Loreto, Jenaro Herrera, El Capite, on Phytelephas macrocarpa. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Marfil pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae: Phytelephas macrocarpa [Matile1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Matile1996].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1996).
KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru].
CITATIONS: Matile1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259-260]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy: 177].
Palmaspis oraniae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium oraniae Russell, 1941: 143. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Sibuyan, Magallanes, Mt. Giting-giting, on Orania philippinesis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis oraniae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 322. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae: Orania philippinensis [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Although the species was included in Tang & Hao (1995), there is no indication that it has been recorded from China.
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-144,281]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 322-323].
Palmaspis pallida (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium pallidum Russell, 1941: 145. Type data: PANAMA: Colon province, on Attalea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis pallida; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: pale pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Attalea [Russel1941], Attalea cohune [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [Russel1941]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 25]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 254]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-146,282]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-158].
Palmaspis palmae (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Fiorinia sp. Cockerell, 1892b: 333. Nomen nudum; discovered by Russell, 1941: 146.
Asterolecanium palmae Cockerell, 1893h: 77. Type data: JAMAICA: Catherine Hall, on coconut. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Asterolecanium palmae Cockerell, 1893j: 255. Nomen nudum; discovered by Russell, 1941: 146.
Asterolecanium palmae; Fernald, 1903b: 52. Notes: Incorrect citation of date of description.
Asterolecanium lineare Lindinger, 1909c: 449. Type data: BRAZIL: on Cocos nucifera. Holotype female. Type depository: Hamburg: Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat von Hamburg, Germany. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1936c: 154.
Palmaspis palmae; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: palm pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Chamaedorea geonoma [StumpfLa2006], Coccus nucifera [Cocker1893h, Lepage1938, Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Cocos [Ferris1955a], Corozo oleifera [StumpfLa2006], Elaeis guineensis [Matile1996], Elaeis melanococca [Ferris1955a], Elaeis oleifera [Matile1996], Guilielma [Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Lepage1938]); Colombia [Kondo2001]; Dominica [StumpfLa2006]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Honduras [Ferris1955a]; Jamaica [Cocker1893h, Cocker1896, Russel1941, Ferris1955a]; Panama Canal Zone [Ferris1955a]; Peru [Matile1996]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island [Ferris1955a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolacaniidae species of North and South America]; Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Cocker1892b [taxonomy: 333]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 77]; Cocker1893j [taxonomy: 255]; Cocker1896 [host, distribution: 9]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 25]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 337]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 254]; Lindin1909c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 449-450]; Matile1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 254,263]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 163]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13,146-148,282]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-161].
Palmaspis palmicola (Mamet)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium palmicola Mamet, 1957: 382. Type data: RéUNION ISLAND: Pic Bébour, on Acanthophoenix sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Palmaspis palmicola; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae: Acanthophoenix [Mamet1957].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [Mamet1957, GermaiMiPa2014].
CITATIONS: GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; Mamet1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 382-384]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263].
Palmaspis phoenicis (Ramachandra Rao)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium phoenicis Ramachandra Rao, 1922: 11. Type data: IRAQ: on date palm [= Phoenix dactylifera. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Asterolecanium phoenicis Green, 1923a: 469. Type data: IRAQ: Baghdad, on the leaf-stalks, leaves and fruits of Phoenix dactylifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 154-156. Homonym of Asterolecanium phoenicis Ramachandra Rao, 1922.
Palmaspis phoenicis; Bodenheimer, 1951: 328. Change of combination.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinelidae: Cypocephalus dudichi [YousofMaHo2013]. Coccinellidae: Pharoscymnus numidicus Pic. [YousofMaHo2013]. Nitidulidae: Cypocephalus dudichi L. [YousofMaHo2013]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla sp. [YousofMaHo2013].
HOST: Arecaceae: Phoenix dactylifera [Green1923a, Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Beccar1971, MohammMoMo1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Sudan [AbbasEl1992]. Palaearctic: Egypt [MohammMoMo1997]; Iran [Kaussa1957, Borchs1960d, Moghad2009, Moghad2013a]; Iraq [Green1923a, Russel1941, Borchs1960d]; Israel [KehatAm1967]; Qatar [YousofMaHo2013]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971].
BIOLOGY: In Sudan, the green pit scale insect exists throughout the year and it has three peaks, first peak in February and March, second peak in July and the third peak is in October. (Yousof, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1923a), Russell (1941). Description of the first instar nymph given by Russell (1941) and by Mohammad et al. (1997).
SYSTEMATICS: The brief description of Asterolecanium phoenicis by Ramachandra Rao (1922) validated this name. The name Asterolecanium phoenicis by Green (1923a) is a homonym and synonym of Asterolecanium phoenicis Ramachandra Rao, 1922.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of date palm in Israel, Iraq, Egypt and North Africa (Howard et al., 2001. The pest attacks the leaf lets, leaf rachis and fruits. It causes chlorosis, degeneration of leaves, malformation of fruits before maturity and leading to losses in productivity from 26 - 30 kg to 5 kg/tree. Death of trees occurs at the end. (Razig, 2014)
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: AbbasEl1992 [host, distribution: 115]; Ahmed2007 [host, distribution, chemical control: 369-389]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 193]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 24, 42]; Blumbe2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 416-417]; Bodenh1951 [taxonomy: 328]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-174]; ElmerCaCl1968 [host, distribution, economic importance: 77-91]; Green1923a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-470]; HowardMoGi2001 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kehat1967a [host, distribution, biological control: 119-125]; KehatAm1967 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, control: 85-93]; KehatSwBa1961 [host, distribution, chemical control: 835-838]; KehatSwBa1964 [host, distribution, chemical control: 19-27]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 29]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 254]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 2-3]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host: 6]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMoMo1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-196, 224]; Ramach1922 [taxonomy, description, economic importance: 11]; Razig2014 [distribution, economic importance, host: 64]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-155,287]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 323-324]; YousofMaHo2013 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history: 42-48].
Palmaspis pinangae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium pinangae Russell, 1941: 156. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Catanduanes, on Pinanga sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis pinangae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 324. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Pinanga [Russel1941], Pinanga barnesii [Russel1941], Pinanga copelandii [Russel1941], Pinanga insignis [Russel1941], Pinanga modesta [Russel1941], Pinanga negrosensis [Russel1941], Pinanga pedicellata [Russel1941], Pinanga philippinensis [Russel1941], Pinanga urosperma [Russel1941], Pinanga woodeana [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 254]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-157,285-286]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 324-325].
Palmaspis sabalis (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium sabalis Russell, 1941: 180. Type data: CUBA: Cayamas, on Sabal palmetto. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis sabalis; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Sabal palm scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [StumpfLa2006], Hemithrinax [StumpfLa2006], Sabal palmetto [Russel1941], Thrinax ekmanii [StumpfLa2006], Thrinax spissa [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bahamas [StumpfLa2006]; Cuba [Russel1941]; Dominican Republic [StumpfLa2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 254]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-181,296]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-164].
Palmaspis similis (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium simile Russell, 1941: 187. Type data: HONDURAS: La Ceiba, on Attalea cohune. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis similis; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: similar pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae [StumpfLa2006], Attalea cohune [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Cocos nucifera [Ferris1955a]. Malvaceae: Ceiba [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Honduras [Russel1941]; Jamaica [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 254]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187-189,298]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-167].
Palmaspis singularis (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium singulare Russell, 1941: 190. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Camarines, Paracale, on Livistona merrilli. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis singulare; Tang & Hao, 1995: 325. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae: Livistona merrilli [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 255]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-191,299]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 325].
Palmaspis spectabilis (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium spectabile Newstead, 1917a: 15. Type data: MAURITIUS: Botanic Gardens, on palm trees. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Palmaspis spectabilis; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae [Newste1917a, Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Newste1917a, Mamet1943a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female, second stage and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 255]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 150]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-195].
Palmaspis trisetosa Stumpf & LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Palmaspis trisetosa Stumpf & Lambdin, 2006: 167. Type data: BRAZIL: on palm seed; collected L.A. McClain, 3.vii.1968. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 49393. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: trisetose pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae [StumpfLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [StumpfLa2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America].
CITATIONS: StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-169].
Palmaspis truncata (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium truncatum Russell, 1941: 211. Type data: MEXICO: Santa Lucrecia, on Maximilliana caribaea. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis truncata; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: truncate pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Attalea cohune [Russel1941], Maximiliana caribaea [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Russel1941] (Jalisco [Miller1996]). Neotropical: Costa Rica [StumpfLa2006]; Guatemala [Russel1941, Miller1996]; Honduras [Russel1941, Miller1996]; Mexico (Chiapas [Miller1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 255]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-212,309]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-172].
Palmaspis ucayali Matile-FerreroNOMENCLATURE:
Palmaspis ucayali Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 260. Type data: PERU: Loreto, Jenaro Herrera, village, on Cocos nucifera. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Ucayali pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOST: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Matile1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Matile1996].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1996).
KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru].
CITATIONS: Matile1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-261]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy: 177].
Palmaspis unica (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium unicum Russell, 1941: 214. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luson, Tayabas province, on Calamus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Palmaspis unicus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 325. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae: Calamus [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 143]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 255]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215,312]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 325-326].
Palmaspis urichi (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium urichi Cockerell, 1894c: 308. Type data: TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, on palms. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Palmaspis urichi; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Urich pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae [Cocker1896, Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Bactris gasipae [Matile1996], Bactris minor [Russel1941], Guilielma [Russel1941], Guilielma speciosa [Russel1941], Pyrenoglyphis major [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Russel1941, Miller1996]. Neotropical: Brazil [Miller1996] (Para [Russel1941]); Colombia [StumpfLa2006]; Grenada [Russel1941, Miller1996]; Nicaragua [Russel1941, Miller1996]; Panama [Russel1941, Miller1996]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941]; Peru [Matile1996]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1896, Russel1941, Miller1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Cocker1894c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 308]; Cocker1896 [host, distribution: 9]; CouturTaIn1996 [host, distribution: 136]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 53]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 255]; Matile1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 254, 263]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-216]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-175].
Pauroaspis Tang {in} Tang & HaoNOMENCLATURE:
Pauroaspis Tang {in} Tang & Hao, 1995: 326. Type species: Asterolecanium ceriferum ceriferum Green, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 327 (adult) [world].
CITATIONS: TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 326-327, 576-577]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 46].
Pauroaspis cerifera (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium ceriferum ceriferum Green, 1909a: 324. Type data: SRI LANKA: above Bogawantalawa, in jungle, on leaves of a bamboo species. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Pauroaspis ceriferus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 327. Change of combination and rank.
Pauroaspis cerifera; Ben-Dov, 2006b: 110. Notes: Ben-Dov; change name to agree in gender
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female, second stage and third-stage male described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; BenDov2006b [catalogue: 110]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-65]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 327-328]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 68]; Wu1983a [taxonomy: 430].
Pauroaspis daedalea GavrilovNOMENCLATURE:
Pauroaspis daedalea Gavrilov, 2013: 83-84. Type data: INDONESIA: New Guinea (Irian Jaya), Bird's Head Peninsula, Arfak Mountains, under leaf sheaths of bamboo, 11/7/2011, by I.A. Gavrilov-Zamin. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. K 899. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: "bamboo" [Gavril2013].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Gavrilov, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body broadly oval, sharply narrowed posteriorly, about 1.5 mm long and 1 mm wide. Antennae small, one segmented. Eyes and legs absent. Specific 8-shaped pores of three sizes. Smallest pores (each about 12 µm long) forming a marginal row in parallel with minute quinquelocular pores. Medium-sized pores (each about 15-16 µm long) and largest pores (each about 20 µm long) forming eight pairs of dorsal groups, each group containing one to two of the largest pores, surrounded by six to eight medium-sized pores. Simple discoid pores scattered on both surfaces of the body. (Gavrilov, 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: P. daedalea differs from all other species of the genus in possessing dorsal groups of 8-shaped pores, each group with one or two large 8-shaped pores in the center. (Gavrilov, 2013)
CITATIONS: Gavril2013 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 83-84].
Pauroaspis elongata (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium elongatum Russell, 1941: 81. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung, Kwong Ning district, near Tung Heung, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis elongatus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 132. Change of combination.
Pauroaspis elongatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 328. Change of combination.
Bambusaspis elongatum; Kozár & Drozdják, 1998: 22. Revived combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 132]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-82,255]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 328-329, 577]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127].
Pauroaspis proboscidis (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium proboscidis Russell, 1941: 157. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Antipolo, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis proboscidis; Borchsenius, 1960d: 132. Change of combination.
Pauroaspis proboscidis; Tang & Hao, 1995: 329. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 132]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-158,288]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 329-330].
Pauroaspis rutilan (Wu, S.J.)NOMENCLATURE:
Bambusaspis rutilan Wu, S.J., 1983a: 428. Type data: CHINA: Anhui province, Xuancheng, on Phyllostachys edulis. Holotype female. Type depository: Maanshan: Scientific Committee of Maanshan, Anhui Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
Pauroaspis rutilan; Tang & Hao, 1995: 330. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Phyllostachys edulis [Wu1983a, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Wu1983a, TangHa1995], Shanxi (=Shansi) [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Wu (1983a) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 330-331,577,698]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; Wu1983a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 428-430].
Pauroaspis scirrosis (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium scirrosis Russell, 1941: 184. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung, Canton, Lingnan University, Bamboo Garden, on Bambusa nana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis scirrosis; Borchsenius, 1960d: 132. Change of combination.
Pauroaspis scirrosis; Tang & Hao, 1995: 331. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: scirrosis pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Zimmer1948, TangHa1995], Bambusa nana [Russel1941, Yang1982], Bambusa thouarsii [Russel1941], Bambusa vulgaris [StumpfLa2006], Dendrocalamus [TangHa1995], Dendrocalamus strictus [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [StumpfLa2006]. Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948]). Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Russel1941]); Cuba [Russel1941]; Guatemala [Russel1941]. Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982]); Philippines [Russel1941]; Taiwan [WongChCh1999].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 132]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 26]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-186,297]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-118]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 331-332,577]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9,46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128]; Zimmer1948 [host, distribution: 280-281].
Pauroaspis simplex (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium simplex Russell, 1941: 189. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Bikal, on Shizostachyum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Bambusaspis simplex; Borchsenius, 1960d: 132. Change of combination.
Pauroaspis simplex; Tang & Hao, 1995: 332. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Schizostachyum [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 132]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-190,299]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 332-333].
Planchonia SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia Signoret, 1870a: 282. Type species: Coccus fimbriatus Fonscolombe, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Signoret (1870a), Borchsenius (1960d), Tang & Hao (1995) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 20-22 (female) [Genera of North and South America]; Tang & Hao 1995: 401 (adult) [world]; Borchsenius 1960d: 145 (adult) [Russia].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 144-145]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 77]; Cocker1896 [taxonomy: 8]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy: 1345]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy: 7]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 85-89]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 85-89]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy: 282]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 29-30]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy: 91]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 156-157]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 4]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description: 282]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description: 177-178,1-231]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 335, 400-401]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 47]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36].
Planchonia algeriensis NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia algeriensis Newstead, 1897a: 99. Type data: ALGERIA: Constantine, on Spartium junceum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Asterolecanium algeriense; Cockerell, 1899a: 393. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Phagnalon [Leonar1908a]. Cistaceae: Cistus salviaefolius [Russel1941]. Fabaceae: Spartium junceum [Newste1897a], Templetonia retusa [Leonar1908a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Newste1897a, Russel1941]; Italy [Leonar1908a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, larva and test of female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 49]; Houard1911 [structure: 3-25]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 30]; Leonar1908a [host, distribution: 154]; Newste1897a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 99]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43,239-240]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 401-402].
Planchonia arabidis SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia arabidis Signoret, 1877: 608. Type data: FRANCE: Bordelais, on Arabis strica; Collected by J. Lichtenstein. Syntypes. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Notes: Signoret (1877) credited this species to Lichtenstein, however, the author of this species is Signoret.
Planchonia hederae Lichtenstein, 1880: xlv. Type data: FRANCE: Hérault, Montpellier, on Hedera helix. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 44.
Planchonia valloti Lichtenstein, 1882e: lxxv. Type data: FRANCE: Dijon, on Hedera helix. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 51.
Asterolecanium massalongianum Targioni Tozzetti, 1893: 295. Type data: ITALY: Verona, on Hedera. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 51. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari-Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Pollinia thesii Douglas, 1893: 55. Type data: U.K.: Isle of Purbeck, on Thesium humifusum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 44.
Asterolecanium arabidis; Cockerell, 1896b: 327. Change of combination.
Planchonia arabidis; Kozár & Drozdják, 1998: 30. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: Pittosporum scale [SchmutKlLu1957, StumpfLa2006].
HOSTS: Araliaceae: Aralia nudicaulis [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Hedera [Targio1893], Hedera helix [Lichte1880, Lichte1882e, Targio1893, Tranfa1974], Panax [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Asclepiadaceae: Stephanotis floribunda [MatileEt2006]. Asteraceae: Hieracium umbellatum [Russel1941], Phagnalon saxatile [Balach1928a]. Boraginaceae: Osmodium carolinum [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Brassicaceae: Arabis [Tranfa1974], Arabis collima [Leonar1908a, Tranfa1974], Arabis stricta [Russel1941], Crambe [KaydanKiKo2005a]. Caprifoliaceae: Weigela [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Caryophyllaceae: Lychnis alba [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [Leonar1908a]. Chenopodiaceae: Suaeda [GomezM1948]. Cistaceae: Lechea [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Convovulaceae: Evovulus glomeratus [MatileEt2006]. Crassulaceae: Kalanchoe coccineae [MatileEt2006]. Fabaceae: Templetonia resuta [Tranfa1974]. Lamiaceae [LagowsKo1996], Thymus serpillum [Foldi2000, Gertss2000, Gertss2005], Thymus vulgaris [Foldi2003]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus pennsylvanicus [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Russel1941, Koszta1996], Pittosporum tobira [Leonar1908a, Balach1928a, Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Gill1993], Pittosporum tobira [Tranfa1974]. Polemoniaceae: Phlox [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Phlox divaricata [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Phlox subulata [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Phlox subulata [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Phlox subulata lilacina [Russel1941]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus [Gill1993, Koszta1996]. Santalaceae: Thesium humifusum [Dougla1893, Russel1941]. Scrophulariaceae: Linaria canadensis [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Pentstemon [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Umbelliferae: Seseli [Kozar1999a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1955a, Gill1993, Koszta1996], Connecticut [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], New Jersey [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], New York [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Ohio [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Virginia [Russel1941], Washington [Russel1941, Landis1968], West Virginia [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Dominican Republic [MatileEt2006]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Barthelemy [MatileEt2006]). Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Czech Republic [Russel1941, Zahrad1959a]; France [Lichte1880, Lichte1882e, Russel1941, Foldi2001]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004, KozarKoFe2013]; Italy [Targio1893, Leonar1908a, Russel1941, Tranfa1974, BarbagBiBo1995]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011]; Poland [LagowsKo1996, GolanLaJa2001]; Portugal [FrancoRuMa2011]; Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Spain [GomezM1948, Martin1984MP]; Sweden [Ossian1959, Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005a, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan (Ashkahabad Oblast [Potaev1991]); United Kingdom [Dougla1893].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Ferris (1955a), Borchsenius (1960d), Gill (1993) Kosztarab (1996) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Test of female, adult female, second stage and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species was reported to cause serious damage to sugar beet in Brownstown, Washington State, USA, causing about 50% yield reduction (Landis, 1968).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Balach1928a [host, distribution: 141]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134-135]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy, host, distribution: 78]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Dougla1893 [host, distribution: 55]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 49]; Ferris1955a [illustration, host, distribution: 18, 21]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,4,22]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 152]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005 [host, distribution: 38]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-99, 106]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-81]; Houard1911 [structure: 3-25]; KaydanKiKo2005a [host, distribution: 398]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 26]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 166]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 16]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 290-291]; KosztaKo1978 [illustration, host, distribution: 139-141]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 140]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 30-31]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 60]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32, 35]; Landis1968 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 871-872]; Leonar1908a [host, distribution: 154-155]; Lichte1880 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : xlv]; Lichte1882e [taxonomy, host, distribution: lxxv]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 175,375]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 162]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 197]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizFo1996 [host, distribution: 133]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; Potaev1991 [host, distribution, life history: 73-74]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-47,241]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 450]; Seabra1941 [taxonomy: 7]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 608]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-182]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 403-404]; Targio1893 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 295-303]; Tranfa1974 [taxonomy, life history, biological control, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-60]; Vasile1986 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control : 41]; Zahrad1959a [distribution: 540].
Planchonia fimbriata (Boyer de Fonscolombe)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus fimbriatus Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 209. Type data: FRANCE: probably Marseilles, on Coronilla glauca; collected by Casimir Rostan. Syntypes. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost(D. Matile-Ferrero, 1998, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).
Planchonia fimbriata; Signoret, 1870a: 283. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium fimbriatum; Cockerell, 1896b: 327. Change of combination.
Planchonia fimbrinata; Martin Mateo, 1984: 64. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Seljak2010]. Fabaceae: Coronilla emerus [Seljak2010], Coronilla glauca [Boyerd1834, Signor1870, Fernal1903b, Russel1941, Borchs1950b]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Maskel1894b]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Melis1930], Pittosporum tovira [Martin1984MP].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Maskel1894b]. Palaearctic: Croatia [Masten2007]; France [Boyerd1834, Russel1941]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011]; Portugal [FrancoRuMa2011]; Sardinia [Melis1930]; Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Spain [GomezM1954, Martin1984MP].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and larva by Russell (1941). Russell (1941, p.91), indicated "Although the collection locality was not given, it may have been Marseilles, France, because Fonscolombe stated that it was given to him by Casimir Rostan, then permanent secretary of the Academy of Marseilles".
SYSTEMATICS: In most pre-2000 publications, the author of this species was incorrectly cited as "Fonscolombe", however, the correct name is "Boyer de Fonscolombe".
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Bodkin1917 [host, distribution: 107]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134]; Boyerd1834 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209]; Cocker1892a [host, distribution: 55]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 77]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cotte1912 [host, distribution: 10,16,40,41,59,110]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 50]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 4,22]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 757]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 136]; Houard1913 [host, distribution: 1]; Kalten1874 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 136]; Lindin1932d [taxonomy: 125]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 85]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 61]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; McInti1889 [host, distribution: 25]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-92,259]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 103]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 853]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 283]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy: 186]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 404-405]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 22].
Planchonia gutta (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium gutta Green, 1922a: 1035. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pattipola, on young branches of Calophyllum walkeri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Planchonia gutta; Tang & Hao, 1995: 405. Change of combination.
HOST: Guttiferae: Calophyllum walkeri [Green1922a, Green1937, Russel1941, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Russel1941, Varshn1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1035]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 285]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-102,263-264]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 405-406]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 69].
Planchonia launeae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium launeae Russell, 1941: 119. Type data: MOROCCO: Tagoud, Valley of the ould Draa, on Launea arborescent. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Planchonia launeae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 145. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Launaea arborescens [Russel1941, Rungs1948].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Morocco [Russel1941, Rungs1948].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 145]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 31]; Rungs1948 [host, distribution: 114-115]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-120,272]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 406-407].
Planchonia nevadensis (Balachowsky)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium nevadensis Balachowsky, 1935a: 239. Type data: SPAIN: Sierra Nevada, Mulhacen, altitude of 2900-3000 m., on Thymus hirtus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Asterolecanium nevadense; Russell, 1941: 129. Justified emendation.
Planchonia nevadense; Martin-Mateo, 1984: 65. Change of combination.
Planchonia nevadensis; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 406. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
HOSTS: Lamiaceae: Thymus [GomezM1968, Martin1984MP], Thymus hirtus [Balach1935a, Martin1984MP], Thymus vulgaris [Goux1937a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1937a]; Spain [Balach1935a, Martin1984MP].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Balach1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-242]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 145]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236-239]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; GomezM1968 [host, distribution: 548]; Goux1937a [host, distribution: 95]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 31]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 406]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138, 139]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 407-408].
Planchonia stentae (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium stentae Brain, 1920: 114. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Caralluma caudata, on Huernia transvaalensis, and on Stapelia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Giliomee & Kozar, 2008: 282. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
Planchonia stentae; Stumpf & Lambdin, 2000: 368. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Megaskepasma erythrochlamys [StumpfLa2000], Ruellia [StumpfLa2000]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex cassine [StumpfLa2000]. Asclepiadaceae [Gill1993], Asclepias fructicosa [Russel1941, StumpfLa2000], Calotropis gigantea [StumpfLa2000], Caralluma [Russel1941], Caralluma caudata [Brain1920, Russel1941], Caralluma caudata [StumpfLa2000], Hoodia [Russel1941, StumpfLa2000], Hoya [StumpfLa2000], Huernia [Russel1941], Huernia bicampanulata [Russel1941, StumpfLa2000], Huernia transvaalensis [Brain1920, Russel1941, StumpfLa2000], Stapelia [Brain1920, StumpfLa2000], Stapelia kavirrondo [Russel1941]. Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [StumpfLa2000], Chrysanthemum frutescens [StumpfLa2000], Solidago [StumpfLa2000], Steirodiscus chrysanthemoides [StumpfLa2000], Tagetes patula [MatileEt2006], Tagethes patula [GermaiGr2005]. Convolvulaceae: Evolvulus glomeratus [StumpfLa2000], Ipomea carnea [StumpfLa2000]. Crassulaceae: Echeveria [StumpfLa2000, JiSu2012], Kalanchoe [StumpfLa2000], Kalanchoe beharensis [StumpfLa2000]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [StumpfLa2000]. Euphorbiaceae [Gill1993], Chamaesyce hirta [StumpfLa2000], Chamaesyce hyssopifolia [StumpfLa2000], Chamaesyce maculata [StumpfLa2000], Chamaesyce ophtalmica [StumpfLa2000], Euphorbia [StumpfLa2000], Euphorbia lactea [StumpfLa2000], Euphorbia trigona [StumpfLa2000]. Fabaceae: Cajanus cajan [StumpfLa2000], Chamaecrista fasciculata [StumpfLa2000], Crotalaria [StumpfLa2000], Desmodium tortuosum [StumpfLa2000], Indigofera hirsuta [StumpfLa2000], Pediomelum canescens [StumpfLa2000], Pueraria phaseoloides [StumpfLa2000]. Gesneriaceae: Gloxinia [StumpfLa2000]. Lamiaceae: Coleus blumei [StumpfLa2000], Dicerandra frutescens [StumpfLa2000], Monarda punctata [StumpfLa2000], Piloblephis rigida [StumpfLa2000]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus caroliniana [StumpfLa2000]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [StumpfLa2000]. Solanaceae: Solanum seaforthianum [StumpfLa2000]. Verbenaceae: Nashia inaguensis [StumpfLa2000].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, Russel1941]. Nearctic: United States of America (California [Gill1993], Florida [StumpfLa2006]). Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001, StumpfLa2006]; Martinique [GermaiGr2005, MatileEt2006]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [StumpfLa2006]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Gill (1993) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115]; GermaiGr2005 [host, distribution: 330]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-110]; JiSu2012 [distribution, host, illustration: 1-5]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 163]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 282-283]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-197,302]; StumpfLa2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 368-369]; StumpfLa2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 368-369].
Planchonia thespesiae (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium thespesiae Green, 1909a: 331. Type data: SRI LANKA: Jaffna, on Thespesia populnea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Planchonia thespesiae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 408. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Malvaceae: Thespesia [Ramakr1921a], Thespesia populnea [Green1909a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, larva, test of female, by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 331]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 285]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-206,306]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 63]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 408-409]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 71].
Planchonia tokyonis (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium tokyonis Kuwana, 1916: 149. Type data: JAPAN: Nishigahara, Tokyo, on Pasania cuspidata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Planchonia tokyonis; Tang & Hao, 1995: 409. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Pasania [TangHa1995], Pasania cuspidata [Kuwana1916, Russel1941], Quercus (Pasania) henryi [Russel1941, Yang1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guizhou (=Kweichow) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1916, Kawai1980].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.10).
KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 20]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 178]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 20]; Kuwana1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149, 150]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-207,306]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 409-410, 585]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].
Planchonia zanthenes (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium zanthenes Russell, 1941: 227. Type data: CROATIA: Dalmatia, near Ragusa, on Phagnalon annoticum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Planchonia zanthenes; Borchsenius, 1960d: 145. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Phagnalon annoticum [Russel1941], Phagnalon saxatile [Russel1941]. Fabaceae: Coronilla valentina [Russel1941], Templetonia [Russel1941]. Lamiaceae: Salvia [Russel1941, Bodenh1953a]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Russel1941], Pittosporum tobira [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Russel1941]; France [Russel1941]; Italy [BarbagBiBo1995]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011]; Sardinia [BarbagBiBo1995] [Russel1941, BarbagBiBo1995]; Sicily [BarbagBiBo1995]; Syria [Russel1941]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, KaydanUlEr2007]; Yugoslavia [Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 135]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 153-154]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 4,22]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 31]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227-228,317-319]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 410-411].
Polea GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Polea Green, 1922: 462. Type species: Pollinia ceylonica, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Green (1922), Lambdin (1977a, 1999) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Lambdin 1999: 188 (female) [world]; Tang & Hao 1995: 285 (adult) [world]; Lambdin 1977a: 911 (adult) [World].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 146]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 132]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 462]; Lambdi1977a [taxonomy, description, key: 911]; Lambdi1999 [taxonomy: 188-192]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 158]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 3]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 280, 284-285]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23].
Polea ceylonica (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Pollinia ceylonica Green, 1909a: 341. Type data: SRI LANKA: Ramboda, on under surface of leaves of undetermined tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin, 1977: 911. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Polea ceylonica; Green, 1922: 462. Change of combination.
HOST: Guttiferae: Calophyllum walkeri [Green1909a, Green1922, Green1937, Lambdi1977a, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Green1937, Lambdi1977a, Varshn1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Adult female described and illustrated by Lambdin (1977a).
KEYS: Lambdin 1999: 188 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 146]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 341]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 462]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 286]; Lambdi1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 911-915]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 65]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 285-286]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 73].
Polea martini LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Polea martini Lambdin, 1999: 188. Type data: BORNEO: Brunei, Penanjong Coast, on Callophylum inophyllum; coll. Jon Martin, 26 March 1989. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 5495. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Guttiferae: Calophyllum [Lambdi1999], Calophyllum inophyllum [Lambdi1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Brunei [Lambdi1999].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female and of the adult male given by Lambdin (1999).
KEYS: Lambdin 1999: 188 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Lambdi1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-191]; Lambdi2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-172].
Polea minutum Varshney nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Polea minutum Varshney, 1985a: 23. Nomen nudum; discovered by Varshney, 1985a: 23.
Polea selangorae LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Polea selangorae Lambdin, 1977a: 913. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kuala Selangor, F.M.S., on jungle shrub. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Lambdi1977a].
KEYS: Lambdin 1999: 188 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Lambdi1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 911,913-915]; Lambdi2001 [taxonomy: 167]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 286].
Pollinia Targioni TozzettiNOMENCLATURE:
Pollinia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 734. Type species: Coccus pollini A. Costa, by monotypy and original designation. Notes: Original designation of type species was of Pollinia costae Targioni Tozzetti, 1868. The latter is an unjustified replacement name for Coccus pollini A. Costa, 1857.
Cisticoccus A. Costa, 1877: 125. Type species: Coccus pollini A. Costa, by original designation. Synonymy by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 38-39.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Signoret (1870a), Leonardi (1920), Borchsenius (1949, 1950), Ferris (1955a), Gill (1993) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 20-22 (female) [Genera of Nearctic region]; Ferris 1955a: 14 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy: 14]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy: 154]; Borchs1950 [taxonomy: 131, 132]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 76]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 276]; Costa1877 [taxonomy: 1]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 59]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 64]; Gill1993 [taxonomy: 97, 104]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 243]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description: 135-136]; Green1909a [taxonomy: 340]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description: 258-259]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 182]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 188-189]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 159]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description: 274]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 280, 286-287]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 734].
Pollinia pollini (A. Costa)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus pollini A. Costa, 1857: 77. Type data: ITALY: on olive. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari-Scaltriti (1990) personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Coccus pollina; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 734. Misspelling of species name.
Pollinia costae Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 734. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 159.
HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus carica [BenDov2012]. Oleaceae: Olea europaea [Costa1857, Bodenh1924, Bodenh1926, Bodenh1928, Balach1931a, Borchs1934, Borchs1936, Bodenh1953a], Olea europaea [Hall1922, Hall1923, Melis1930, Kiritc1940, Habib1957, GomezM1958b, Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [ArmitaMc1952, Gill1993]). Palaearctic: Corsica [Balach1931a, Foldi2003]; Crete [ArmitaMc1952, Alexan1980a, PellizPoSe2011]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, Bodenh1929b, Habib1957]; France [Signor1870a, Balach1932d]; Georgia (Abkhaz ASSR [Borchs1934, Borchs1936, Kiritc1940, Borchs1960d]); Greece [Bodenh1928, Alexan1980a, StathaKaSk2013]; Israel [Bodenh1924]; Italy [Costa1857]; Lebanon [Bodenh1926]; Libya [Damian1966]; Malta [HaberMi2007]; Sardinia [Melis1930]; Spain [GomezM1958b]; Syria; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1960d].
BIOLOGY: Two annual generations in Crete, Greece (Alexandrakis, 1980a). One annual generation in Sicily (Liotta & Sammartano, 1981).
GENERAL REMARKS: Adult female described and illustrated by Ferris (1955a), Habib (1957), Borchsenius (1960d) and by Gill (1993).
SYSTEMATICS:
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A serious pest of olive in Crete, Greece and in Sicily (Liotta & Sammatrano, 1981). Has been accidentally introduced to California, USA and eradicated from several areas in the state (Armitage & McKenzie, 1952). Gill (1993) reported that it was not eradicated from several counties in California, USA, but its pest status was unknown.
CITATIONS: Alexan1980a [life history, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control: 9-17]; Alexan1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 183-190]; ArmitaMc1952 [economic importance, host, distribution, control, life history: 115-121]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 99]; Balach1932d [host, distribution: 18,19,132,140,lv]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 24, 44]; BerlesBePa1907 [biological control: 48-95]; BerlesPa1906 [taxonomy, description, illustration, male: 393-395]; Bodenh1924 [host, distribution: 75-76]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 44]; Bodenh1928 [host, distribution: 192]; Bodenh1929b [host, distribution: 112]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-138]; Borchs1934 [host, distribution: 20]; Borchs1936 [host, distribution: 116]; Borchs1937 [host, distribution: 62]; Borchs1937a [host, distribution: 69]; Borchs1949d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 154]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 132]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 129-130]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 76]; Costa1857 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-79]; Damian1966 [host, distribution, chemical control: 8-10]; Dougla1893 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 55]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 60]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Gavalo1936 [host, distribution: 75]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104,114]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 243-244]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136-137]; HaberMi2007 [host, distribution: 147]; Habib1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377-378]; Hall1922 [host, distribution: 10]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 34]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; Kiritc1932a [host, distribution: 262]; Kiritc1940 [host, distribution: 119]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution,: 259-262]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 232]; Lindin1931 [taxonomy: 122]; Lindin1932d [taxonomy: 126]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 143]; Liotta1981 [host, distribution, economic importance: 11-12]; LiottaSa1980 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 65-66]; LiottaSa1981 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 205-216]; Martel1908 [host, distribution: 284]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 159]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 61]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 292,294]; Porcel2008a [morphology, pysiology, host, distribution: 272-273]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 452]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 850, 866]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 274-276]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, structure: 607-608]; Silves1934 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3-24]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; StathaKaSk2013 [distribution: 55]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 287]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, catalogue: 734]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 37,38].
Russellaspis BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Russellaspis Bodenheimer, 1951: 328. Type species: Asterolecanium pustulans Cockerell.
Russeiiaspis; Wang & Zhang, 1987: 36. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Bodenheimer (1951), Tang & Hao (1995) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006).
KEYS: Giliomee & Kozar 2008: 285 (female) [Russellaspis species of South Africa]; Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 20-22 (female) [Genera of North and South America]; Tang & Hao 1995: 412 (adult).
CITATIONS: Bodenh1951 [taxonomy: 328]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 85-89]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy: 283, 285]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 31]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 177]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description: 186,1-231]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 335, 411-412]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 47].
Russellaspis brachylenae (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium pustulans brachylenae Brain, 1920: Caption of Plate. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on Brachylena discolor; collected 1916. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Giliomee & Kozar, 2008: 283. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 28. Described: female. Illust.
Asterolecanium brachylenae; Russell, 1941: 55. Change of combination and rank.
HOST: Asteraceae: Brachylaena discolor [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Russel1941, Giliom2001, GiliomKo2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Russell (1941).
SYSTEMATICS: Asterolecanium pustulans var. brachylenae was not mentioned by Brain (1920) in the text (pages 108-115) dealing with Asterolecanium species, but was first listed by Brain (1920) in the caption of Plate XXVI.
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 33 (first instar) [world]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, illustration: Pl. vii]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 283]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-56,245].
Russellaspis conspicuum (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium conspicuum Brain, 1920: 112. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Acacia sp.; collected CKB September 1914. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Giliomee & Kozar, 2008: 283. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Russellaspis conspicuum; Borchsenius, 1960d: 154. Change of combination.
Russellaspis conspicuum; Giliomee & Kozar, 2008: 283. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Brain1920].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, GiliomKo2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Giliomee & Kozar 2008: 285 (female) [South African species of Russellaspis]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 154]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 283]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-71,250-251]; Witt2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 142-146].
Russellaspis euphorbiae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium euphorbiae Russell, 1941: 87. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Tausenville, on Euphorbia fixox. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Russellaspis euphorbiae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 154. Change of combination.
Russellaspis euphorbiae; Giliomee & Kozar, 2008: 283. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia fixox [Russel1941], Euphorbia pulvinata [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Russel1941, GiliomKo2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Giliomee & Kozar 2008: 285 (female) [South African species of Russellaspi]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium ]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 154]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 283]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-88,257].
Russellaspis euryopis (Fuller)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium sp. Fuller, 1899a: 94. Nomen nudum; discovered by Russell, 1941: 88.
Asterolecanium euryopis Fuller, 1899b: 818. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Tarkastad, on Euryops tenuissimus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Giliomee & Kozar, 2008: 284. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.
Russellaspis euryopis; Giliomee & Kozar, 2008: 283. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Euryops tenuissimus [Fuller1899a, Fuller1899b, Brain1920, Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Fuller1899a, Fuller1899b, Brain1920, Russel1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Fuller (1899a) described the destructiveness of this insect to its host Euryops tenuissimus. Since the plant was regarded a serious weed in the Cape Province, South Africa, Fuller suggested to employ this insect as a natural control agent of the weed.
KEYS: Giliomee & Kozar 2008: 285 (female) [South African species of Russellaspis]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium ]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-114]; Fuller1899a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 93-95]; Fuller1899b [taxonomy: 818]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 183-284]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-89,258].
Russellaspis proteae (Giliomee & Munting)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium proteae Giliomee & Munting, 1968: 221. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Prince Alfred Hamlet district, on Protea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
Russellaspis proteae; Giliomee & Kozar, 2008: 284. Change of combination.
HOST: Proteaceae: Protea [GiliomMu1968, GiliomKo2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [GiliomMu1968, GiliomKo2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Giliomee and Munting (1968). Description and illustration of adult male by Giliomee and Munting (1968).
KEYS: Giliomee & Kozar 2008: 285 (female) [Soyrh African species of Russellaspis].
CITATIONS: BenDovGi2014 [catalogue: 230]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; GiliomKo2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 284]; GiliomMu1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-229]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 511].
Russellaspis pustulans principe (Castel-Branco)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium pustulans principe Castel-Branco, 1964: 629. Type data: PRINCIPE ISLAND: on coffee and cacao, December 1963. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal. Described: female.
HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Coffea [Castel1964]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Castel1964].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Sao Tome and Principe (Principe [Castel1964, Castel1971]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Castel-Branco (1971).
SYSTEMATICS: Castel-Branco (1971) again described this species while referring to it as n. sp. The original description of 1963 was valid, and the species should be dated 1963.
CITATIONS: Castel1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 629-631]; Castel1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 27-36]; MendesFe1989 [taxonomy: 56].
Russellaspis pustulans pustulans (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterodiaspis pustulans Cockerell, 1892h: 142. Type data: JAMAICA:. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Asterolecanium pustulans; Cockerell, 1893d: 8. Change of combination.
Planchonia pustulans; Cockerell, 1893h: 77. Change of combination.
Asterolecanium pustulans sambuci Cockerell, 1903d: 112. Type data: EGYPT: Cairo, on Sambucus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 165.
Asterolecanium pustulans seychellarum Green, 1910: 3-5. Type data: SEYCHELLE ISLANDS: on Hevea brasiliensis. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 165.
Asterolecanium sambuci; Bodenheimer, 1935: 265. Change of status.
Asterolecanium morini Mamet, 1937: 176. Type data: MAURITIUS: Port Louis, on stems of Pentas cornea. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Mamet, 1939: 239.
Russellaspis pustulans; Borchsenius, 1960d: 154. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: oleander pit scale [StumpfLa2006].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aspidiotiphagus citrinus [SchmutKlLu1957]. Encyrtidae: Euaphycus portoricensis Dozzier [SchmutKlLu1957], Metaphycus reticulata (Dozzier) [SchmutKlLu1957]. Miscogasteridae: Tomocera californica Howard [Zimmer1948]. THYSANOPTERA Phlaeothripidae: Haplothrips cahirensis Trybom [SchmutKlLu1957], Karnyothrips flavipes Jones [SchmutKlLu1957].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Daedalacanthus [MerrilCh1923], Eranthemum [Riddic1955], Graptophyllum pictum [Ballou1926], Jacobina [Riddic1955], Jacobinia mohintli [Ballou1926], Strobilanthes [Riddic1955]. Agavaceae: Agave [Riddic1955, Russel1941]. Amaranthaceae: Alternanthera [Habib1957]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [Russel1941, Riddic1955], Mangifera indica [Ballou1926, Lepage1938, Zimmer1948, Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997], Rhus leucantha [Ballou1926]. Annonaceae: Annona [Lepage1938, Russel1941], Annona squamosa [Ballou1926, Riddic1955, Habib1957]. Apocynaceae: Carissa [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Carissa edulis [Habib1957], Carissa grandiflora [Riddic1955, Habib1957], Ervatamia coronaria [Riddic1955], Nerium [Lepage1938, Russel1941, Riddic1955], Nerium oleander [Brain1920, Ballou1926, Zimmer1948, Habib1957, WilliaWa1990], Plumeria [Russel1941], Tabernaemontana [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Trachelospermum [Riddic1955]. Araliaceae: Didymopanax morotatoni [Ballou1926], Hedera [Riddic1955], Hedera helix [Ballou1926], Schefflera [Riddic1955]. Arecaceae: Palma [Riddic1955]. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepias [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Stephanotis [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Stephanotis floribunda [Ballou1926]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia speciosa [Russel1941], Jacaranda [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Riddic1955], Jacaranda mimosaefolia [Habib1957], Pyrostegia [Riddic1955], Tecoma smithii [Habib1957]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [Russel1941], Gossampinus malabarica [TangHa1995], Montezuma speciossima [Russel1941]. Boraginaceae: Cordia mixa [Habib1957], Heliotropium peruvianum [Ballou1926], Tournefortia pubescens [Kuwana1902a, LincanHoCa2010]. Brassicaceae: Brassica oleracea [Habib1957]. Burseraceae: Bursera simaruba [Riddic1955]. Cactaceae: Melocactus [Russel1941]. Caprifoliaceae: Symphoricarpos [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Viburnum tinus [Habib1957]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [WilliaWa1990]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [Russel1941]. Chrysobalanaceae: Chrysobalanus [Riddic1955]. Combretaceae: Quisqualis indica [Ballou1926]. Convolvulaceae: Porana paniculata [Ballou1926]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum [Russel1941], Sedum [Russel1941]. Cucurbitaceae: Momordica balsaminal [Russel1941]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Riddic1955]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus [Riddic1955]. Erythroxylaceae: Erythroxylum coca [Ballou1926]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha indica [WilliaMa2009b], Croton [Russel1941], Euphorbia [Russel1941], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Ballou1926, Riddic1955], Hevea [Russel1941], Hevea brasiliensis [Russel1941], Manihot [Russel1941], Pedilanthus [Riddic1955], Sapium [Russel1941, Zimmer1948]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Russel1941, Riddic1955], Acacia arabica [Habib1957], Acacia decurrens [Habib1957], Albizia lebbek [Habib1957], Baryxylum africanum [Russel1941], Bauhinia [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Habib1957], Bauhinia tomentosa [Ballou1926], Caesalpinia [Habib1957], Cajanus [Russel1941], Cajanus indicus [Habib1957], Calliandra [Riddic1955], Cassia [Riddic1955], Cassia alata [Ballou1926], Cassia fistula [Habib1957], Clitoria [Riddic1955], Crotalaria [Riddic1955], Erythrina [Varshn1992], Leucaena glauca [Cocker1896d, Russel1941, WilliaWa1990], Pithecellobium [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Pithecellobium [Habib1957], Poinciana [Russel1941, Riddic1955], Prosopis [Russel1941, Zimmer1948, Habib1957], Robinia pseudacacia [Habib1957], Sesbania aegyptiaca [Habib1957], Tamarindus [Russel1941], Tamarindus indica [Habib1957], Tephrosia toxicaria [Russel1941], Tipuana tipu [Riddic1955], Vachellia farnesiana [Russel1941]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Riddic1955]. Flacourtiaceae: Dovyalis [Riddic1955], Flacourtia [Riddic1955], Flacourtia ramontchi [Russel1941]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [Riddic1955], Pelargonium radula [Ballou1926]. Guttiferae: Clusia rosea [Ballou1926]. Lauraceae: Persea [Russel1941, Zimmer1948]. Lythraceae: Cuphea [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Lagerstroemia [Riddic1955]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [Russel1941]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [Habib1957], Gossypium [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Habib1957], Hibiscus [MerrilCh1923, Lepage1938, Russel1941, Zimmer1948, Riddic1955], Hibiscus esculentus [Habib1957], Hibiscus mutabilis [Ballou1926], Hibiscus rosasinensis [Ballou1926, Habib1957], Malachra [Russel1941], Sida antillensis [Russel1941], Thespesia populnea [Ballou1926]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [Ballou1926, Riddic1955, Habib1957]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1990], Castilloa [Russel1941, Riddic1955], Ficus [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Ficus aurea [Riddic1955], Ficus capensis [Riddic1955], Ficus carica [Theoba1904, Ballou1926, Lepage1938, Zimmer1948, Riddic1955, Habib1957, WilliaWa1990, MohammMoMo1997], Ficus elastica [Riddic1955], Ficus glomerata [Riddic1955], Ficus infectoria [Riddic1955, Habib1957], Ficus mysorensis [Riddic1955], Ficus nitida [Habib1957], Ficus religiosa [Ballou1926], Ficus sycomorus [Theoba1904, Habib1957], Ficus utilis [Riddic1955], Morus [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Habib1957], Morus alba [Lepage1938, MohammMoMo1997]. Musaceae: Musa paradisiacca [MohammMoMo1997]. Myricaceae: Myrica cerifera [Riddic1955]. Myrsinaceae: Rapanea guianensis [Russel1941]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Habib1957], Eugenia [Riddic1955], Myrtus [Riddic1955], Psidium guajava [Ballou1926, Russel1941], Syzygium [Riddic1955]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [MerrilCh1923, Lepage1938, Russel1941, Riddic1955, Habib1957]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Habib1957], Jasminum humile [Ballou1926], Jasminum sambac [Ballou1926, Zimmer1948], Olea europaea [Lepage1938, Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997]. Orchidaceae: Vanda teres [Russel1941]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [Russel1941, Riddic1955], Passiflora edulis [WilliaWa1990], Passiflora quadrangularis [Habib1957], Passiflora vitifolia [Zimmer1948]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Riddic1955, Habib1957]. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago [Riddic1955]. Poaceae: Bambusa [Yang1982]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [Riddic1955]. Portulacaceae: Talinum [Riddic1955]. Proteaceae: Grevillea [Riddic1955, Habib1957], Grevillea robusta [Ballou1926, Lepage1938, Russel1941, Zimmer1948, WilliaWa1990]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Riddic1955, Habib1957]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Habib1957], Cydonia [Russel1941], Cydonia oblonga [Ballou1926], Cydonia vulgaris [Lepage1938], Eriobotrya [Habib1957], Malus [Brain1920], Prunus armeniaca [Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997], Prunus avium [Riddic1955], Prunus domestica [Habib1957], Prunus persica [Ballou1926, Riddic1955, Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997], Prunus (amygdalus) [Lepage1938, Russel1941, Riddic1955], Pyrus [Lepage1938], Pyrus communis [Ballou1926, Riddic1955, Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997], Pyrus cydoniae, Pyrus malus [Ballou1926, Russel1941, Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997], Rosa [Riddic1955, Habib1957]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia [Riddic1955], Ixora [Riddic1955], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1990], Pentas [Riddic1955], Pentas carnea [Mamet1937], Psychotria [Russel1941, Riddic1955]. Rutaceae: Aeglopsis chevalieri [Ballou1926], Balsamocitrus paniculata [Ballou1926], Citrus [Riddic1955], Fagara martinicensis [Ballou1926], Murraya exotica [Ballou1926]. Salicaceae: Salix [Habib1957]. Sambucaceae: Sambucus [Russel1941]. Sapindaceae: Allophylus aldabricus [WilliaMa2009b], Blighia sapida [Ballou1926, Russel1941], Casimiroa tetromeria [Russel1941], Cupania edulis [Russel1941], Cupania macrophylla [Ballou1926]. Sapotaceae: Achras zapota [Ballou1926, Riddic1955, Russel1941], Calocarpum mammosum [Russel1941], Chrysophyllum caissita [Russel1941], Dipholis [Riddic1955], Sapota acra [Habib1957], Sideroxylon inerme [WilliaMa2009b]. Scrophulariaceae: Russelia juncea [Russel1941]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [Riddic1955]. Solanaceae: Capsicum frutescens [WilliaWa1990], Cestrum [Riddic1955], Cestrum nocturnum [Ballou1926], Solanum [Habib1957]. Sterculiaceae: Assonia [MerrilCh1923], Dombeya [MerrilCh1923], Guazuma tomentosa [Habib1957], Sterculia [Habib1957], Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1990]. Theaceae: Cleyera japonica [Riddic1955], Taonabea stahlii [Russel1941], Thea sinensis [Cen1986, Devnat1986]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [Riddic1955], Trema [Riddic1955]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria nivea [Russel1941], Cecropia [Russel1941, Riddic1955]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa americana [Riddic1955], Clerodendrum [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Duranta [Habib1957], Lantana [Russel1941, Zimmer1948, Riddic1955]. Vitaceae: Vitis [Riddic1955], Vitis vinifera [Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997]. Xanthophyllaceae: Xanthophyllum [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1978]; Cape Verde [Fernan1975, VanHarCoWi1990]; Comoros [Mamet1960]; Gabon [StumpfLa2006]; Kenya [StumpfLa2006]; Madagascar [StumpfLa2006]; Malawi [StumpfLa2006]; Mauritius [Mamet1937, Mamet1943a]; Mozambique [Russel1941]; Rodriques Island [StumpfLa2006]; Sao Tome and Principe [StumpfLa2006]; Seychelles [Russel1941, StumpfLa2006] (Aldabra Island [WilliaMa2009b]); Sierra Leone [StumpfLa2006]; South Africa [Brain1920, MerrilCh1923]; Tanzania [StumpfLa2006]; Yemen [StumpfLa2006]. Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]; Fiji [WilliaWa1990]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1990]; Guam [StumpfLa2006]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Cocker1895x, Ehrhor1916, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Zimmer1948, Koszta1996]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1990]). Australasian: Kiribati [WilliaWa1990, StumpfLa2006]; New Caledonia [WilliaWa1990, Willia2007a]; Papua New Guinea [StumpfLa2006]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1990, StumpfLa2006]. Nearctic: Mexico [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941] (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921, MerrilCh1923, Miller1996]). Nearctic: Mexico (Chihuahua [Miller1996]). Nearctic: Mexico (Colima [Miller1996], Sinola [Miller1996], Tamaulipas [Miller1996], Veracruz [Miller1996]); United States of America (Florida [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Koszta1996], Louisiana [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Koszta1996], New York [MerrilCh1923], North Carolina [Kuwana1902a], Texas [Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941]); Bahamas [MerrilCh1923]; Barbados [Russel1941]; Bermuda [StumpfLa2006]; Brazil [MerrilCh1923] (Bahia [Russel1941]); Colombia [Figuer1946, Figuer1952, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [StumpfLa2006]; Cuba [MerrilCh1923, Ballou1926, Russel1941]; Dominica [StumpfLa2006]; Dominican Republic [Russel1941]; Ecuador [StumpfLa2006]; El Salvador [StumpfLa2006]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Grenada [Cocker1896d, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guyana [Cocker1893h, Bodkin1917, MerrilCh1923]; Haiti [Russel1941, PerezG2008]; Honduras [StumpfLa2006]; Jamaica [Cocker1893h, Cocker1896, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Montserrat [Cocker1893h, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941]; Nicaragua [Russel1941]; Panama [Russel1941] [StumpfLa2006]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941]; Peru [Russel1941]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Martor1976]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Saint Kitts [StumpfLa2006]); Saint Lucia [StumpfLa2006]; Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Barthelemy [MatileEt2006], Saint Martin [MatileEt2006]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Russel1941]); U.S. Virgin Islands [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941]; Venezuela [StumpfLa2006]. Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Cen1986]); India (West Bengal [Devnat1986]); Pakistan [Varshn1992, StumpfLa2006]; Sri Lanka [StumpfLa2006]; Taiwan [Russel1941]. Palaearctic: China [Yang1982, TangHa1995]; Cyprus [StumpfLa2006, SismanUl2010]; Egypt [Theoba1904, Hall1922, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997]; Iran [StumpfLa2006]; Israel [Bodenh1924, Russel1941]; Italy [StumpfLa2006]; Malta [StumpfLa2006]; Oman [StumpfLa2006]; Saudi Arabia [Shalab1961, Beccar1971, StumpfLa2006]; United Kingdom [StumpfLa2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1937) (as A. morini, Russell (1941), Habib (1957), Borchsenius (1960d), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang & Hao (1995), Kosztarab (1996) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2006). Test of female, male and nymph described and illustrated by Russell (1941). Description and illustration of first- and second-instar nymph by Mohammad et al. (1997).
STRUCTURE: Female induces the formation of shallow pits on twigs of host plants. Photograph of pit galls by Gullan et al. (2004)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of tea in Zhejiang, China (Cen, 1986). A serious pest of apple trees in China (Abd El-Salam & Mangoud, 2001).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 22-32 (female) [Asterolecaniidae species of North and South America]; Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: AbdElSMa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control: 33-44]; Alfier1929 [host, distribution: 8a]; Ali1970a [catalogue: 147]; Badr2014 [distribution, host: 51]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 11-12]; Bartle1978a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 47]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 193]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 24,44]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 73-75]; Bodenh1929b [host, distribution: 112]; Bodenh1935 [taxonomy: 265]; Bodenh1935b [life history, host, distribution: 306]; Bodenh1935c [host, distribution: 1156]; Bodkin1917 [host, distribution: 107]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-157]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; Cen1986 [life history, economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution : 27-28]; Clause1958 [economic importance, biological control: 291-310]; Cocker1892h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 142-143]; Cocker1893cc [taxonomy, host, distribution: 102]; Cocker1893d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 77-78]; Cocker1895x [host, distribution: 259]; Cocker1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Cocker1896d [host, distribution: 306]; Cocker1903d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 112]; CockerRo1915a [host, distribution: 428]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; DeanSc1970 [host, distribution, economic importance, natural enemies, control: 158-163]; Devnat1986 [host, distribution: 27-28]; Dozier1926a [biological control: 97]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, distribution: 235]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 52]; Fernan1975 [host, distribution: 42-43]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution, economic importance: 25, 28]; Figuer1946 [host, distribution: 199-200]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 206]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; Green1910 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3-5]; Green1915e [host, distribution: 608-636]; Habib1943 [taxonomy, description, life history: 87-111]; Habib1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 372, 374-376]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 4-6]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 32]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, record: 409]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 19]; IsmailAb2001 [host, distribution, chemical control: 355-364]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 78]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 292, 294-295]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 31-32]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; Kuwana1902a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29, 30]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 337]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; LincanHoCa2010 [distribution, host: 4]; Lindin1910c [host, distribution: 440]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 149-150]; Malump2012b [distribution: 210]; Mamet1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176]; Mamet1939 [taxonomy, description: 239]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 150]; Mamet1946 [taxonomy: 245]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20-21]; Mamet1960 [host, distribution: 156]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 106]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 1-303]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 163]; MerrilCh1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 277-278]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 5]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Moghad2013a [distribution: 6]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMoMo1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-199, 225-226]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; Quaint1897 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 91]; Riddic1955 [host: 2]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-168,230,291]; SalamaHa1974 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 200-204]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; Shalab1961 [host, distribution: 216]; Silves1934 [economic importance, host, distribution: 3-24]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Stickn1934 [taxonomy: 149]; StumpfLa2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host distribution: 187-193]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 93]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 412-413, 585, 700]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47]; Theoba1904 [host, distribution: 188]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 135]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 71]; WatersDrPs1976 [biological control: 313]; Willia2007a [host, distribution: 1346]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 118]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-198]; Wolcot1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 511-513]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124]; ZchoriBePo2005 [endosymbionts, Cardinium: 211-221]; Zimmer1948 [host, distribution: 279-280].
Russellaspis sumatrae (Russell)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium sumatrae Russell, 1941: 204. Type data: INDONESIA: Tapanuli, "Toetoepan", on Quercus hystrix. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Russellaspis sumatrae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 413. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus hystrix [Russel1941].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Russel1941]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).
KEYS: Russell 1941: 12-26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26-35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-205,306]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 413-414].
Sclerosococcus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Sclerosococcus McKenzie, 1958: 169. Type species: Sclerosococcus ferrisi McKenzie, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by McKenzie (1958) and by Lambdin (1980, 1986).
KEYS: Stumpf & Lambdin 2006: 20-22 (female) [Genera of Nearctic region]; Lambdin 1980: 468 (adult) [world].
CITATIONS: Lambdi1980 [taxonomy, description, key: 468]; Lambdi1986 [taxonomy: 146]; McKenz1958 [taxonomy, description: 169-170]; Miller1996 [catalogue: 69]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 169, 170]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156].
Sclerosococcus bromeliae McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Sclerosococcus bromeliae McKenzie, 1963: 38. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Miami, on Bromeliaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Bromeliaceae [McKenz1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Miller1996]; United States of America (California [McKenz1963], Florida [McKenz1963, Miller1996]). Neotropical: Peru [Miller1996].
CITATIONS: Lambdi1980 [taxonomy, key: 468]; McKenz1963 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38, 39]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69].
Sclerosococcus chilensis LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Sclerosococcus chilensis Lambdin, 1980: 468. Type data: CHILE: on Bromeliaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Bromeliaceae [Lambdi1980].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [Lambdi1980].
GENERAL REMARKS: Adult male described and illustrated by Lambdin (1986).
CITATIONS: Lambdi1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 468-470]; Lambdi1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, male, host, distribution: 146-147].
Sclerosococcus ferrisi McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Sclerosococcus ferrisi McKenzie, 1958: 170. Type data: MEXICO: on "succulents". Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1958, Miller1996].
CITATIONS: Lambdi1980 [taxonomy, key: 468]; McKenz1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-171]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69].
Sclerosococcus tillandsiae LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Sclerosococcus tillandsiae Lambdin, 1980: 470. Type data: ECUADOR: on Tillandsia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia [Lambdi1980].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Lambdi1980].
CITATIONS: Lambdi1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 470-471].
Trachycoccus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Trachycoccus Borchsenius, 1950a: 781. Type species: Asterolecanium tenax Bodenheimer, by monotypy and original designation. Notes: Trachycoccus Ferris, 1955a: 215 (type-species: Trachycoccus hyperici Ferris, 1955a) is a homonym of Trachycoccus Borchsenius, 1950a. The former belongs to the Eriococcidae, and was replaced by Hypericoccus Williams, 1961.
Morrisonia Bodenheimer, 1951: 328. Type species: Asterolecanium tenax Bodenheimer, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 125. Homonym of Morrisonia in Lepidoptera, 1874, Crustacea, 1935.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Bodenheimer (1951), Borchsenius (1950a, 1960d), Ferris (1955a) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
SYSTEMATICS: Trachycoccus Borchsenius 1950a: 781 (type-species: Asterolecanium tenax Bodenheimer, 1929) is an available generic name in the Asterolecaniidae. Trachycoccus Ferris, 1955a (type-species Trachycoccus hypeici Ferris [=Hypericoccus hypeici (Ferris) ] is a junior homonym of Trachycoccus Borchsenius, 1950a, and the former was replaced by Hypericoccus Williams, 1961: 93, in the Eriococcidae. Morrisonia Bodenheimer, 1951 is an objective junior synonym of Trachycoccus Borchsenius, 1950a, by community of type species.
CITATIONS: Bodenh1951 [taxonomy: 328]; Borchs1950a [taxonomy, description: 781]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 169-171]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 215]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 32]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 125, 197]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 289, 333]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36]; Willia1961a [taxonomy: 93].
Trachycoccus hyperici
No valid record found for this species
Trachycoccus tenax (Bodenheimer)NOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium tenax Bodenheimer, 1929b: 111. Type data: EGYPT: Sinai Peninsula, Wadi Nasib, on twig notches of Tamarix sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
Trachycoccus tenax; Borchsenius, 1960d: 170, 171. Change of combination.
HOST: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Bodenh1929b, Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Bodenh1929b, Borchs1960d]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1960d].
SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her.
CITATIONS: Bodenh1929b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-169]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 32-33]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 231-232]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333-334].
Genera Removed from Family
AntecerococcusNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium (Phenacobryum) Cockerell, 1902g: 114. Notes: Current status: Antecerococcus in the Cerococcidae.
Phenacobryum Cockerell, 1902g: 114. Notes: Current status: Antecerococcus in the Cerococcidae.
CallococcusNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Callococcus Ferris, 1918b: 328.
EremococcusNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Eremococcus Ferris, 1919d: 252. Notes: Current status: Eremococcus Ferris, in the Eriococcidae.
MelzeriaNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Melzeria Green, 1930b: 215. Removed from family by Miller & Williams, 1998: 215. Notes: Current status: Melzeria Green in the Eriococcidae, see Miller & Williams (1998).
Species Removed from Family
Callococcus acaciaeNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus acaciae Maskell, 1893b: 237. Illust.
Callococcus acaciae Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 11.
Callococcus leptospermiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus leptospermi Maskell, 1894b: 92. Illust.
Callococcus leptospermi Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 13.
Callococcus newmanniNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus newmanni Froggatt, 1921b: 14. Illust.
Callococcus newmanni Miller, Gullan & Williams, 1998: 296.
Callococcus pulchellusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus pulchellus Maskell, 1897: 324. Notes: Froggatt (1921b) indicated that this species infests Melaleuca sp.
Callococcus pulchellus Ferris, 1918b: 329.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Maskel1897, Frogga1921b]).
Cerococcus bryoidesNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia bryoides Maskell, 1894b: 84. Notes: Removed from family by Cockerell, 1902h: 114. Current status: Cerococcus bryoides (Maskell, 1894b) in the Cerococcidae.
Cerococcus stellatusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia bryoides stellata Maskell, 1897: 315. Notes: Removed from family by Fernald, 1903b: 58. Current status: Cerococcus stellatus (Maskell, 1897) in the Cerococcidae.
Eremococcus pirogallisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus pirogallis Maskell, 1894b: 95. Notes: Current status: Eremococcus pirogallis Maskell, in the Eriococcidae.
Eremococcus rugosusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus rugosus Maskell, 1897: 322. Illust. Notes: Current status: Eremococcus rugosus Maskell, in the Eriococcidae.
Eremococcus rugosus elongatusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus rugosus elongatus Maskell, 1897: 323. Illust. Notes: Current status: Eremococcus rugosus elongatus Maskell, in the Eriococcidae.
Eremococcus turbinataNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus turbinata Froggatt, 1921b: 19.
Kermes quercusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Coccus quercus Linnaeus, 1758: 455.
Melzeria horniNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Melzeria horni Green, 1930b: 216. Removed from family by Miller & Williams, 1998: 215. Notes: Current status: Melzeria horni Green in the Eriococcidae, see Miller & Williams (1998).
Trachycoccus hypericiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Trachycoccus hyperici Ferris, 1955a: 215. Illust. Notes: Current status: Hypericoccus hyperici (Ferris in the Eriococcidae. Ben-Dov (2006b: 127) erroneously listed this species as a member of the Asterolecaniidae.
Trioza kiefferiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Asterolecanium rhamni Kieffer, 1898: 214. Notes: Current status: Trioza kiefferi Giard, 1912 in the Psylloidea, Triozidae.