Zhang, Z.H., Shi, L., Xu, Z.F., & Wang, Z.L. 2002 The present research and utilization situation of cochineal insects in the world.. Forest Research 15(6): 719-726.

Notes: Results of a nearly 30-year study on cochineal insects, including taxonomy, biology, ecology, utilization history and rearing methods, are reviewed. There are altogether nine species of cochineal in the world, in which Dactylopius coccus Costa has economic importance. Carmine produced from cochineal has been used widely in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutics industry. The host plant of cochineal, cactus pear (Opuntia sp.), also has many utilizations. Peru and Canary Islands are the main countries that produce cochineal.