Warthen, J.D., Rudrum, M., Moreno, D.S., & Jacobson, M. 1970 Aonidiella aurantii sex pheromone isolation.. Journal of Insect Physiology 16: 2207-2209.

Notes: The sex pheromone produced by the virgin female California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii, was isolated by three methods from a cold trap condensate and insect homogenate. Extensive silicic acid, silica gel-silver nitrate, Sephadex, thin-layer, and gas-liquid chromatography were used to effect the pheromone isolation. Comparisons were made between known unsaturated acetates and the pheromone. A number of synthetic model unsaturated acetates were also bioassayed in the laboratory for attractancy to the males.