Unruh, T.R., & Luck, R.F. 1987 Deme formation in scale insects: A test with pinyon pine scale and a review of other evidence.. Ecological Entomology 12: 439-449.

Notes: Abstract: Deme formation is the transformation of a generalist population into one which is adapted to its local conditions; should be inferred from higher survival or fecundity of scale insects on their natal tree compared to that of immigrant scales on the same tree; transfers of Matsucoccus acalyptus within and between infested host trees (Pinus monophylla) resulted in significant differences in scale survivorship among recipient trees.