Takagi, S. 1999a Notes on the scale insect subtribe Kuwanaspidina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae).. Insecta Matsumurana (New Series) 56: 95-150.

Notes: The kuwanaspidine pattern of marginal appendages is defined. Five genera are recognized and referred to the subtribe Kuwanaspidina, tribe Diaspidini. Seven new species are described from Malaysia, Japan, the Philippines, and India: Kuwanaspis pectinata, Nikkoaspis berincangensis, N. sikokiana, Xiphuraspis ctenopyga, Medangaspis payunga (gen. et sp. nov.), Coronaspis malesiana, and C. malabarica. Some species referred to the subtribe do not conform exactly to the kuwanaspidine pattern; a few of them are interpreted to have undergone atavistic modifications, and the others to have changed towards the advanced state of the Diaspidini. They are kept in the subtribe according to the view that an atavistic organism does not mean the revival of an ancestral taxon and that an incompletely derivative state alone is not sufficient for taxonomic change. Kuwanaspis and Nikkoaspis are closely related to each other, but the other genera appear to be isolated due to a fairly wide variety of characters observed in the first instar larvae and also in the second instar males. It follows that the known forms are fragments from a once diversified large group, unless unrelated forms are included. Preliminary considerations are given to the question of why marginal appendages change from taxon to taxon. A list of the Kuwanaspidina is provided. Chuaspis Tao and Wong is synonymized with Kuwanaspis, and C. shuichuensis Tao and Wong with K. bambusicola.