Sorribas, J.J., Rodriguez, R., Rodrigo, E., & García-Marí, F. 2008 Niveles de parasitismo y especies de parasitoides del piojo rojo de California Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) en citricos de la Comunidad Valenciana.. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas 34(2): 201.

Notes: Title in English: [Parasitism levels and species of natural enemies in field populations of California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Valencia region (Spain)]. Abstract: During the years 2004 to 2007 we sampled natural enemies of the citrus red scale (CRS) Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) in 173 citrus orchards distributed throughout the main Spanish citrus area (Valencia, east of Spain). We selected twigs and fruits from field containing CRS populations and parasitoids were reared to adults in climatic chambers. Twenty orchards were sampled periodically estimating parasitism levels in different scale stages and on different tree substrates. On another hand, we identify parasitoids captured on yellow and pheromone traps in 100 citrus orchards of the Citrus Phytosanitary Survey of Valencia Gobernment. Parasitism is present in all citrus groves with California red scale. From the 18,006 parasitoids identified 50% belong to Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet) and 49% to Aphytis melinus DeBach. The presence of Encarsia perniciosi (Tower) (1%), not previously documented in Spain, has also been observed. The proportion of A. chrysomphali increases from South to North and in the colder months of the year. Parasitism levels reach up to a maximum of 78% of susceptible stages, with average levels in all the sampled orchards of 19%. Higher levels of parasitism were found between August and November. Parasitism is higher in young females (26%) than males (13%) and L2 (8%).