Smith, A.D.M., & Maelzer, D.A. 1986 Aggregation of parasitoids and density-independence of parasitism in field populations of the wasp Aphytis melinus and its host, the red scale Aonidiella aurantii.. Ecological Entomology 11: 425-434.

Notes: Repeated counts were made of the number of adult Aphytis melinus wasps per fruit on Valencia oranges in an orchard over two successive periods. Resulting rates of parasitism per fruit were measured at the end of each period. For both periods, corresponding to high and low mean numbers of adult parasites, there was a significant positive reqression of adult wasps per fruit on the number of available hosts per fruit. However, there was a high level of variability about the regression, and the overall aggregative response appears to be weak. For both periods, rates of parasitism per fruit were independent of host density per fruit and they showed a high level of variability at all densities. Similar patterns were found in another, commercial, orchard over a wide range of mean host densities. There was no evidence for aggregation of parasites or density dependence of parasitism at a patch size corresponding to the whole tree. Suggestions based on some host-parasitoid models, that aggregations of parasite attack in areas of high host density are necessary for effective biological control, are rejected. However, the model of Hassell (1982), incorporating aggregation for parasites and limitations on the effectiveness of the parasite, seems to fit the data quite well.