Schoonees, J., & Giliomee, J.H. 1984 The residual toxicity of field-weathered thripicide and spray oil residues on citrus leaves to Aphytis sp., a parasitoid of the citrus red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.).. Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Journal No. 602: 6-8.

Notes: The toxicity to species of Aphytis (mainly A. africanus Quednau) that parasitise Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) on citrus in South Africa of field-weathered residues of various insecticides that are used to control Scirtothrips aurantii Faure and a narrow-range citrus spray oil was investigated in the laboratory. Large differences were found between the different products tested, triazophos having the longest residual toxicity, followed by temephos. Profenofos was less toxic than both of these, with spray oil and tartar emetic being toxic only for a very short period. The compatibility of triazophos (and profenofos) with integrated pest management in citrus, in contrast to temephos and several applications of tartar emetic, is explained by the fact that the first 2 compounds also suppress scale numbers. In this way, they compensate for the detrimental effects against parasites of A. aurantii.