Samways, M.J. 1981 Comparison of ant community structure (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in citrus orchards under chemical and biological control of red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae).. Bulletin of Entomological Research 71: 663-670.

Notes: Epigaeic ants were sampled by pitfall trapping in three South African citrus orchards supporting low levels of Aonidiella aurantii. All three were similar except that chemical control of the scale was in progress in one, biological control in the second, while the third was in transition from chemical to biological control in the second. The biological control site was dominated throughout by Pheidole megacephala. The total numbers of individuals and species of ants were higher in the biological control than chemical control orchard. Ant management in relation to community structure is critically appraised on the basis of limiting factors (especially abundance of honeydew as food for potentially dominant ants) and rank-abundance sequences.