Rice, R.E., Atterholt, C.A., Delwiche, M.J., & Jones, R.A. 1997 Efficacy of mating disruption pheromones in paraffin emulsion dispensers.. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 20: 151-161.

Notes: Technology transfer in mating disruption. Proceedings of a working group meeting in Montpellier, France, on 9-10 September 1996. Pheromones of Grapholita molesta, Anarsia lineatella and Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, were mixed into sprayable emulsions of water and paraffin and applied to stone fruit trees in California. Pheromone/emulsion blends were applied twice for G. molesta and A. lineatella during the 1995 season, using 49.4-76.6 g a.i./ha per application. Q. perniciosus pheromone was applied only once at 74 g a.i./ha. Efficacy of mating disruption was measured by pheromone or sticky traps and infested fruit. Treatments using G. molesta pheromone were comparable to commercial mating disruption dispensers, with no catches in monitoring traps for 8-12 weeks and a reduction of fruit infestation of 80-90%. Pheromone treatments for A. lineatella were less effective, with increased catches of moths in monitoring traps and no differences in infested fruit compared to untreated checks. Mating disruption of Q. perniciosus resulted in some reduction in crawler populations for two generations after treatment, but the cost of pheromone was prohibitive for commercial use.