Panis, A., & Marro, J.P. 1978 Variation du comportement chez Metaphycus lounsburyi. [Variation in behavior of Metaphycus lounsburyi (Hym.: Encyrtidae).]. Entomophaga 23(1): 9-18.

Notes: Behavior study of three natural population of M. lounsburyi Howard from California, Spain and Italy shows large (egg-laying behavior, heterogamic matings) or little differences (host acceptance, shifting of ecological niches), without morphological differences. Two semi-species are recognized (Mediterranean, Californian imported from Australia) which are sufficiently isolated genetically, to be used in the same orchards for biological control against the olive and citrus black scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier).