Pan, W.Y., Tang, Z.Y., Chen, Z.F., Yang, Z.X., & Lian, J.H. 1989 [Studies on bionomics of Hemiberlesia pitysophila and its control.]. Forest Pest and Disease No. 1: 1-6.

Notes: Studies on the bionomics of Hemiberlesia pitysophila occurring on Pinus massoniana and other pine species in Guangdong Province, China, were carried out both in the field and the laboratory in 1983-88. There were 5 overlapping generations/year. The most suitable period for its occurrence was March to May. Temperature was the main factor influencing the population growth and forest decline, and pest mortality increased when temperature was above 23øC or lower than 18øC. Dense stands were suitable for the incidence and development of the pest. More than 20 species of insect natural enemies exerted sufficient control on H. pitysophila, due to their small numbers. Chemical control of the pest was also examined.