Ozaki, K., Swarbrick, S.L., & Suko, O. 2000 Ant predation suppresses populations of the scale insect Aulacaspis marina in natural mangrove forests.. Biotropica 32(4): 764-768.

Notes: Previous studies on scale insect-ant interactions have focussed on the mutual relationships between scale insects that produce exudates and attendant ants. These studies may have over-emphasized the prevalence of plus/plus interspecific activity and underestimated the negative effects of ants as predators. The results in this report, however, emphasize that understanding complex scale insect-ant interactions will require a broader survey of the different kinds of interactions between scale insects and ants.