Olivero, G., Chionetti, S., Soldi, G., Ambrogio, P., & Viara, M. 2003 Lecanio del nocciolo e il suo antagonista. [The hazel nut scale insect and its antagonist.]. Informatore Agrario 59(16): 72-74.

Notes: From May 1997, weekly surveys were made in hazelnut stands in seven Italian localities infested with scale insects in order to determine the life cycle. Eulecanium tiliae produces one generation a year, of which the immature females overwinter on buds and twigs before migrating in spring to new shoots where they lay their eggs. These emerge and migrate to the upper leaf surface. The surveys also revealed the presence of Brachytarsus fasciatus, a natural enemy of E. tiliae. The adults emerge in spring and prey on egg-laying scale insects. Autumn applications of barium poly-sulfur, when E. tiliae females are migrating from the leaves to the buds, were effective, as were treatments as the buds swell in early March. These applications did not affect B. fasciatus. Other insect pests can be controlled with insecticides from early April to mid-June.