Murdoch, W.W., Swarbrick, S.L., Luck, R.F., Walde, S.J., & Yu, D.S. 1996 Refuge dynamics and metapopulation dynamics: an experimental test.. American Naturalist 147: 424-444.

Notes: Aonidiella aurantii is controlled by the parasitoid Aphytis melinus in many areas, and in a study area in California the interaction appeared dynamically stable; results indicate that stability in the control population was not maintained by either refuge or metapopulation dynamics; reduced pest recruitment and density in the exterior of trees lacking a refuge population were associated with increased (i.e. density-dependent) pest survival that did not reflect a change in parasitism.