Murakami, Y. 1975 An experimental study of intraspecific competition in two parasitoids of Comstock mealybug.. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 20(1): 15-25.

Notes: It was found in investigations in the laboratory in Japan on intraspecific competition in Clausenia purpurea Ishii a solitary parasite of Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.) and in a Pseudaphycus malinus Gah., a gregarious parasite of the same mealybug, that when superparasitism occurred, C. purpurea killed the excess individuals by physiological suppression in the early stages of development, whereas P. malinus eliminated competitors by selective starvation in the older stages. These results are discussed in relation to the general processes of competition in solitary and gregarious parasites.