Muniappan, R., Bamba, J.P., Cruz, J., & Reddy, G.V.P. 2003 Current status of the red coconut scale, Furcaspis oceanica Lindinger (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and its parasitoid, Adelencyrtus oceanicus Doutt (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in Guam.. Plant Protection Quarterly 18(2): 52-54

Notes: The red coconut scale (Furcaspis oceanica), an introduced pest of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), had been present in Guam since the early 1970s. It was confined to the central region until 1987 and had spread throughout most of the island by 1996. A parasitoid, Adelencyrtus oceanicus, introduced to control the pest in 1988/89, had also spread throughout most of Guam by 1996. A survey in January/February 2002 of 26 localities showed that the scale was present at very low levels and the parasitoid at high levels compared to a previous survey in 1996. This parasitoid is density independent and it is an effective biological control agent of the red coconut scale.