Mehrnejad, M.R., & Ak, B.E. 2001 The current status of pistachio pests in Iran.. Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes 56: 315-322.

Notes: [XI GREMPA Seminar on pistachios and almonds. Proceedings of the XI GREMPA Seminar organized by the University of Harran with the collaboration of the FAO-CIHEAM Inter-Regional Cooperative Research and Development Network on Nuts, Sanliurfa, Turkey, 1-4 September 1999.] The injurious pests of pistachio orchards could be classified into three groups based on economic damage and distribution in Iran. The first group contains the major pests which are distributed throughout the main pistachio-producing areas and usually cause significant loss on pistachio yields by either attacking pistachio leaves, fruits or twigs. The second group comprises phytophagous insects and mites which are locally important pests like the pistachio scale insects including: the pistachio twig and fruit scale, Pistaciaspis pistaciae, the pistachio trunk and branch scale, Melanaspis inopinata. The third group contains the phytophagus insects and mites which are only minor pests. However, under certain conditions, they occur as local injurious pistachio pests, e.g., pistachio soft scale, Anapulvinaria pistaciae; pistachio spherical scale, Eulecanium rugulosum; and pistachio Noghi scale, Salicicola pistaciae.