McClure, M.S. 1990e 1.4.4 Patterns of temporal and spatial distribution.. Armored Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Series title: World Crop Pests, Vol. 4A]. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 384 pp.

Notes: The highly variable nature of armoured scale insect distribution within and among host plants, and the impact of interacting environmental factors such as climate, host phenology, herbivore competition, and natural enemies on patterns of temporal and spatial distribution in diaspidids are discussed. Species discussed include Aonidiella aurantii, A. inornata, Chrysomphalus aonidum, C. ficus, Fiorinia externa, Lepidosaphes beckii, L. pallida, Parlatoria blanchardii, P. oleae, Pseudaonidia complex, Q. perniciosus, Quadraspidiotus ostraeformis, Q. perniciosus and Unaspis yanonensis.