Mazzoni, E., & Cravedi, P. 2002 Observations on the overwintering and winter mortality of the San José scale in fruit orchards in Emilia Romagna (Northern Italy).. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura (Milano) 33(2001-3): 373-383.
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Notes: [Special Issue: Proceedings of the ISSIS IX International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies held at The University of Padua, Italy, Sept. 2-8, 2001.] To establish the developmental stage of overwintering San José Scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus [Diaspidiotus perniciosus] specimens in Northern Italy, a monitoring programme was carried out in Emilia-Romagna during winter 1998-99, mainly on stone fruit. According to the data collected, most of the specimens spend the greatest part of the winter in the first stage. By March specimens begin to develop quite quickly towards the second and then the adult stage. The natural winter mortality recorded is significant but so is the fact that important differences exist between years. The importance of these data for timing insecticide treatment also with IGRs and for choosing the most satisfactory and suitable winter control strategy of the pest, is discussed.
