Markwell, T.J, Kelly, D., & Duncan, K.W. 1993 Competition between honey bees (Apis mellifera) and wasps (Vespula spp.) in honeydew beech (Nothofagus solandri var. solandri) forest.. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 17: 85-93.

Notes: Honeydew of the scale insect Ultracoelostoma brittini is an important food source in black beech forests; interference competition between honey bees and wasps was shown to be strong and occasionally aggressive in laboratory trials; in the forest, there was invariably enough room on the trees for bees and wasps to feed while rarely encountering one another; environmental factors (especially low temperatures and rain) were found to constrain honey bee foraging to a greater degree than competition with wasps.