Mani, E., Kozár, F., Schwaller, F., & Hippe, C. 1997 The occurrence and biology of the mulberry scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in Switzerland.. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 70: 399-408.

Notes: In recent years the thermophilous mulberry scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, well-known from southern Europe, was found north of the Alps. Locally, populations became established and increased. However, this polyphagous insect has only been found on ornamental trees in towns so far (mainly on Sophora japonica, Aesculus spp., Catalpa bignonioides, Juglans spp.), but not in orchards. The rate of parasitization, mainly by Encarsia berlesei, varied from 8 to 60%. Chemical control of the pest is only necessary when the attack is severe. In the years 1992-96 pheromone traps were used to study the distribution of the mulberry scale and the flight of the males. There are two separate generations per year in northern Switzerland. The flight of the males of the first generation starts in the middle/at the end of June and continues until the middle/end of July; the flight of the second generation lasts from the middle/end of August to the end of September/middle of October. Due to adverse climatic conditions the flight of the second generation often is poor.