Lagowska, B., & Golan, K. 1998 Szkodliwosc czerwcow w sadach. [The harmfulness of scale insects in orchards.]. Ochrona Roslin 42: 6, 21-23.

Notes: This article describes the distribution, biology, damage and control of scale insects in Poland. A survey of fruit orchards in the Lublin area of Poland in 1990-94 identified a 2-fold increase in the frequency of scale insect attack compared to 1980-82. The survey identified 11 species belonging to 3 families: Phenacoccus aceris (Pseudococcidae); Eulecanium tiliae, E. douglasi, Palaeolecanium bituberculatum, Parthenolecanium corni, Pulvinaria vitis and Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Coccidae); and Lepidosaphes ulmi, Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformis, Q. perniciosus and Q. pyri (Diaspididae). P. corni and L. ulmi were considered the worst pest problem.