Kumral, N.A., & Kovanci, B. 2005 Population Dynamics of Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) and Activity of Its Natural Enemies in Olive Groves in Bursa (Turkey).. Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies, held at Plant Protection Research Institute, Adana/ Turkey, 19-23 April 2004. Adana Zirai Muscadele Arastirma Enstitusu. Adana, Turkey 408 pp.

Notes: This study was carried out in 3 olive groves (Golyazi, Kumyaka and Gundogdu), in 2000 and 2001 to establish the population dynamics of Mediterranean black scale, Saissetia oleae (Oliv.), which is the key pest of olives in Bursa. Other scale insects such as Philippia oleae Targ. and Parlataria oleae (Colv.) were also found but they were not common in olive orchards. S. oleae has one complete generation and a partial second generation per year. The survey indicated that black scale overwinters as 3 different instar nymphs. The first eggs were laid during late May and late April with a peak of population development in mid June and late May and then the population density of S. oleae increased from early June and mid-May to midJuly in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Parasitism rates of Scutellista cyanea were very high in Golyazi orchard where non-chemical control was applied. In addition, the predatory and the parasitoid activity of Chrysopa carnea (Stephens) and Metaphycus sp., causing high mortality of black scales in olive, was clearly demonstrated in same orchard. According to results of this study, insecticide treatments against Prays oleae Bern. and Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) caused substantial increase in S. oleae populations by killing its natural enemies in conventional olive orchards.