Koteja, J. 1990c 1.3.2. Life history.. Armored Scale Insects, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Series title: World Crop Pests, Vol. 4A]. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 384 pp.

Notes: Topics discussed include pattern of metamorphosis, biological function and behaviour of instars, growth, organogenesis and histogenesis, effects of environmental factors and phylogenetic interpretation; species mentioned include Quadraspidotus ostreaeformis, Chionaspis americana and C. kosztarabi.