Konstantinova, G.M., Maximova, V.H., & Kozár, F. 1982 Integrated protection of groves and orchards from the San Jose scale Aspidiotus perniciosus, fruit pest, USSR.. Zashchita rastenii. Moscow 3: 24-25.

Notes: The California scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comst.), is one of the most important pests of fruit trees in the USSR and is still under quarantine regulations. It has infested some 10% of the orchard area and has become acclimatised especially in those in which apple is grown and even further north to the birch belt. Up to 6 or 7 chemical sprays are normally applied for control of the scale, but insecticide wastage can be reduced by the use of an integrated method of control. The method involves detailed study of the biology of the scale and of its natural enemies, and allowing these to exercise their maximum utility so that artificial methods become unnecessary or can be considerably reduced without loss of crop. In the Stavropol region, for instance, production was maintained on an even level for only 8 out of 16 years. Samples of 2-cm shoot are taken from various parts of the crown, and an index of 1.5 scales or less indicates that treatment is not required.