Kinuthia, M.W., & Mwangi, R.W. 1988 Growth, development and life cycle of Icerya pattersoni (Newstead) (Homoptera: Margarodidae), a coffee pest in Kenya.. Insect Science and its Application 9(1): 69-72.

Notes: Studies carried out in a coffee plantation in Kenya to determine the development period of Icerya pattersoni showed that the female and male scales lived an average of 157 and 129 days, respectively. The different stages of I. pattersoni females were found to be recognizable by the number of antennal segments: the antenna of the stage I nymphal instar is 6-segmented, stage II is 9-segmented and stage III is 11-segmented. The antenna of adult males is 18-segmented. Females are neotenic but the males possess a pair of grey wings and atrophied mouthparts. The population was highest in the heavy rainfall months of April and May.