Huang, L.L., Wang, D.W., Zhang, Q., & Zhu, W. 1983a A study on the biology and control of the arrowhead scale (Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana).. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture, Vol. 2, held in Tokyo on 9-12 November 1981. International Society of Citriculture Okitsu, Japan 484-1014.

Notes: In laboratory and field studies on the biology of the citrus pest Unaspis yanonensis (Kuw.) in China in 1977-80, there were 3 complete generations a year and overwintering took place in the 2nd larval instar or pupal stage in males and in the 2nd larval instar or adult stage in females. Adult females lived for 75.7-235.2 days, laid 38.4-165.1 eggs, and these took 55.7-59.8 min to hatch. The larval stage lasted 30.8-36.6 days, and one complete generation 64.3-230 days. Temperature was the main factor influencing these periods. Natural enemies included Telsimia emarginata Chapin, Chilocorus hupehanus Miyatake, Cybocephalus nipponicus Endrody-Younga, Aphytis chrysomphali (Merc.), Aphytis sp. and Coccobius sp. (Physcus sp.). Spraying with 40% omethoate at 1:1000 or 40% Optunal [1-methylethyl 2-[(aminomethoxyphosphinothioyl)oxy]benzoate] at 1:500, especially against larvae in early May, provided effective control of U. yanonensis.