Hoffman, E., & Smith, R.L. 1991 Emergence and dispersal of Margarodes meridionalis (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in hybrid bermudagrass.. Journal of Economic Entomology 84(6): 1668-1671.

Notes: Abstract: Field studies done in Tucson, Arizona, where adult emergence occurred in June; all adults emerged from encysted stage by August; most adults migrated 5 cm from the cite of their emergence; 20 to 25% travelled up to 10 cm; dispersal was fossorial with no evidence of surface movement; emergence triggered by increased soil moisture.