Hodges, G.S., & Braman, S.K. 2004 Seasonal occurrence, phenological indicators and mortality factors affecting five scale insect species (Hemiptera: Diaspididae, Coccidae) in the urban landscape setting.. Journal of Entomological Science 39(4): 611-622.

Notes: Proper timing of pesticide applications is paramount when attempting to control scale insects that are important pests of landscape plantings. Use of degree-days and phenological indicators can better time the applications and reduce the number of treatments. Seasonal appearance of five species of scale insects in the urban landscape along with flowing phenology of 40 plant species were systematically monitored during 1997, 1998 and 2000 in Athens, GA. Scale insects discussed in some detail are Ceroplastes ceriferus, Fiorinia theae, Melanaspis obscura, Parthenolecanium corni, and Unaspis euonymi. Other species for which degree-day information and limited life history data were collected included Acanthococcus quercus, Icerya purchasi, Pulvinaria acericola, P. floccifera, P. innumerabilis, and Toumeyella liriodendri.