Heng-Moss, T.M., Baxendale, F.P., & Riordan, T.P. 2001 Interactions between the parasitoid Rhopus nigroclavatus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and its mealybug hosts Tridiscus sporoboli (Cockerell) and Trionymus sp. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae).. Biological Control: Theory and Applications in Pest Management 22(3): 201-206.

Notes: This research investigated age-class-specific parasitism rates of the buffalograss mealybugs Tridiscus sporoboli (Cockerell) and Trionymus sp. by Rhopus nigroclavatus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera; Encyrtidae), size class preference of this parasitoid, and mealybug-parasitoid interactions through choice and no-choice studies. In the no-choice studies, the mean rates of parasitism by R. nigroclavatus were 45, 20, 0, and 0%, respectively, for mealybugs adult female, third and fourth instars, first and second instars, and eggs. Choice studies indicated that rate of parasitism increased with host size. The mean rates of parasitism on mealybugs in the choice studies were 100% for adult females, 24% for third and fourth instars, 0% for first and second instars, and 0% for eggs. A second set of choice studies investigating mealybug/parasitoid behavior revealed that R. nigroclavatus oviposits in all post-egg mealybug age classes, but first and second instars were less often parasitized than older mealybugs.