Hattingh, V., & Tate, B.A. 1996 The effects of insect growth regulator use on IPM in southern African citrus.. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture I: 523-525.

Notes: [VIII International Citrus Congress, 12-17 May 1996, Sun City, South Africa.] The advent of pyriproxyfen availability provided an effective control option for organophosphate (OP) resistant red scale (Aonidiella aurantii). Many growers saw this as removal of the threat of an uncontrollable red scale repercussion resulting from the use of pyrethroids for thrips (Scirtothrips aurantii) control. Experience from field use and the results of laboratory bioassays, have indicated that certain IGRs are highly detrimental to important coccinellid and hymenopteran biocontrol agents. The increased reliance on pyrethroids in certain areas, in combination with the use of IGRs have resulted in the need to routinely use OPs for the control of repercussion pests such as mealybugs and cottony cushion scale. An increase in the status of other pests such as mites and leafhoppers may also be a repercussion. This is an example of an insecticide treadmill initiated by the use of IGRs. The availability of certain IGRs can therefore be seen as having had an extensive negative impact on the implementation of IPM in much of the southern African citrus growing region. This impact has been both directly through the non-target effects on beneficials and indirectly through a change in growers' choices of pest control measures.