Hanks, L.M., & Denno, R.F. 1994 Local adaptation in the armored scale insect Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Homoptera: Diaspididae).. Ecology 75(8): 2301-2310.

Notes: Abstract: Investigation of this scale species to mulberry (Morus alba); eggs transferred within and between trees and subsequent survival of developing scales measured; survival significantly higher when raised on their natal host tree; some evidence for differences in local adaptation of scale populations only between populations on distantly separated mulberry trees; no evidence for genetic differentiation of scale populations on neighboring trees, suggesting that gene flow inhibited local adaptation; while local adaptation may fine tune herbivore populations to individual host phenotypes, it is unlikely to play a general role in explaining the patchy distribution of herbivorous insects on their host plants.