Greathead, D.J. 1990 1.4.3 Crawler behaviour and dispersal.. Armored Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Series title: World Crop Pests, Vol. 4A]. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 384 pp.

Notes: Natural dispersal methods and the behavioural responses of crawlers before settling are discussed. Species discussed include Aonidiella aurantii, Aulacaspis tegalensis, Fiorinia externa, Parlatoria pittospori, Phenacaspis pinifoliae and Pseudaonidia duplex.