Grande, C. 1986 La difesa integrata della vite. [Integrated protection of grapevine.].. Informatore Agrario 42(30): 27-34.

Notes: Integrated pest control of grapevines, mainly of table grapes, began in the Latium district of Italy in 1979 and, by 1985, there were > 100 ha of demonstration table and wine grapes using the system, based on a series of weekly counts by Research Institutes. For the first three years only Lobesia botrana, Clysia [Eupoecilia] ambiguella, Planococcus ficus, Panonychus ulmi and Eriophyes vitis [Colomerus vitis] were assessed but more recently pathogens (Plasmopara viticola, Oidium tuckeri [Uncinula necator], Botrytis cinerea, Phomopsis viticola and Guignardia bidwellii) and physiological disorders (stalk necrosis and nutrient deficiencies) have been included. Labour needed for assessing the levels of disease and insect attacks was initially high (one person/11.3 ha table grapes) but was subsequently reduced (to 1/38 ha). A programme for the control of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd generations of C. ambiguella is proposed, based on acceptable threshold levels. A complete programme for control of pests, diseases and physiological disorders for the table grape cv. Italia is given. In a comparison of 3 vineyards, the number of sprays was reduced from 14 to 10 using an integrated control programme and the total number of spray chemicals was reduced from 40 to 21. Direct savings (chemical and treatment costs) are approximately L650 000/ha.