Gordon, F.C., & Potter, D.A. 1988 Seasonal biology of the walnut scale, Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae (Homoptera: Diaspididae), and associated parasites on red maple in Kentucky.. Journal of Economic Entomology 81(4): 1181-1185.

Notes: Abstract: This study showed that this scale is bivoltine in Kentucky & both sexes overwinter as second-instar nymphs; this pattern differs from previously published life history data; may indicate a sp. complex; 4 primary parasites & 2 hyperparasites associated with this sp.; application of insecticidal sprays in June or August coincides with period of peak activity of primary parasites. Keywords: biology/biological control.