Goolsby, J.A., Moran, P.J., Adamczyk, J.J., Kirk, A.A., Jones, W.A., Marcos, M.A., & Cortés, E. 2009 Host range of the European, rhizome-stem feeding scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a candidate biological control agent for giant reed, Arundo donax (Poales: Poaceae) in North America.. Biocontrol Science and Technology 19(8): 899-918

Notes: The armored scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Leornardi) was evaluated as a potential biological control agent of the invasive reed grass Arundo donax in North America. No-choice tests, native range field surveys and non-target host exposures were used to determine the fundamental host range of the scale collected from Caloma, Spain and Perpignan, France. Thirty-five species, including two genotypes of A. Donax and seven ecotypes of Phragmites australis, along with closely related grasses, economic grasses and habitat associates were tested. In quarantine no-choice testing using releases of 200 crawlers per plant, normal development of R. Donacis] was observed on A. Donax and A. Formosana, with very limited survival to the adult stage on Spartina alterniflora and Leptochloa spp. In follow-up studies using 1000 crawlers per plant, 10 live adult females were found on Leptochloa virgata, and one adult female on Spartina alterniflora, but average adult female abundance per plant was (2580%) 26-times lower on L. Virgata and over (39,090%) 100-times lower on S. Alterniflora than on A. Donax. Field surveys were conducted at five locations in Spain and France at which A. Donax infested with R. Donacis, co-occurred with two non-target species of concern and R. Donacis was only found on A. Donax. Six-month field host exposures in Spain using potted Leptochloa plants entwined with heavily infested A. Donax confirmed that R. Donacis is specific to Arundo under field conditions. Based on our results, the scale R. Donacis appears to be specific to the genus Arundo and is unlikely to harm native or cultivated plants in the Americas.