Gilreath, M.E., & Smith, J.W. 1988 Natural enemies of Dactylopius confusus (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae): exclusion and subsequent impact on Opuntia (Cactaceae).. Environmental Entomology 17: 730-738.

Notes: Predators include Laetilia coccidivora, Leucopis bellula and Hyperaspis trifurcata.