García, S. 1998 Interaction between juniper Juniperus communis L. and its fruit pest insects: pest abundance, fruit characteristics and seed viability.. Acta Oecologica, Oecologia Applicata 19: 6, 517-525.

Notes: The relationships between the fruit features of Juniperus communis and the presence of fruit pests were studied in Sierra Nevada, SE Spain. The abundance of two insect species - a pulp-sucking scale (Carulaspis juniperi) and a seed-predator wasp (Megastigmus bipunctatus) - was surveyed with respect both to fruit characteristics and to viability of seeds contained therein. Seed-predator pressure was not significantly related to any fruit characteristics. However, pulp suckers tended to be more abundant in plants with low pulp:seed ratios and high fruit-water content. In addition, fruits with high levels of pulp sucker attack tended to have a higher water content. A multi-factor ANOVA, considering the identity of the plant and the attack of the different pests as factors, showed that plant identity accounted for most of the variation in fruit characteristics. The viability of seeds tended to be lower in plants strongly attacked by both pests. Fruits attacked by seed predators showed significantly lower proportions of viable and unviable seeds than did unattacked fruits. Seed viability was also lower in those fruits heavily attacked by pulp suckers, but this pattern was strongly mediated by plant identity. Pest activity was clearly associated with a direct decrease in juniper reproductive capacity. This loss involved a reduction of the viable-seed number, mainly related to the seed predator, as well as a reduction of fruit attractiveness to frugivorous dispersers, related to the pulp sucker.