Gan, Z.Y., Liu, X.Q., & Zhang, S.J. 1993 [Occurrence and forecasting of the orange brown scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.)].. Entomological Knowledge 30: 6, 347-348.

Notes: The diaspidid Chrysomphalus aonidum is one of the main pest insects on oranges in Hunan, China. A study showed that it completed 3-4 generations annually. The larvae of the 1st generation hatched from May to July, and the 2nd and 3rd generations hatched in mid-June to early September, and from September to November, resp. After November, a proportion of the larvae of a 4th generation was hatched. There were many natural enemies of the diaspidid, including the parasitoids Aphytis chrysomphali and Comperiella bifasciata, with a natural rate of parasitism of >50%. Formulae were developed for forecasting the occurrence of the diaspidid.