Forster, L.D., & Luck, R.F. 1996 The role of natural enemies of California red scale in an IPM program in California citrus.. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture I: 504-507.

Notes: [VIII International Citrus Congress, 12-17 May 1996, Sun City, South Africa.] Biological control of Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) on California citrus requires managing the complex of pests and natural enemies as an integrated system. Toxic residues from broad-spectrum pesticides exclude natural enemies or inhibit their effectiveness. Augmentative releases of Aphytis melinus DeBach is one tactic that, when integrated with other resident natural enemies and selective materials (as needed), forms an effective alternative. To evaluate a natural enemy's effectiveness on California red scale, however, growers must know the scale's life cycle, the scale stages preferred by each natural enemy, and the nature of the interaction between a natural enemy and its prey or host.