Dzhuvinov, V., & Kutinkova, H. 2003 Integrated plant protection of apple in Bulgaria.. Sodininkyste ir Darzininkyste 22(1): 55-61.

Notes: Trials were conducted in Bulgaria during 1998-2001 in high-density plantations of 24 apple cultivars and Golden Delicious (control) to study their response to scab [Venturia inaequalis] attack and powdery mildew [Podosphaera leucotricha] and to monitor codling moth and leaf miner occurrence. The pests in the region included Laspeyresia pomonella [Cydia pomonella], Leucoptera scitella [Leucoptera malifoliella], Lithocolletis blancardella [Phyllonorycter blancardella], Lithocolletis corylifoliella [Phyllonorycter corylifoliella], Pandemis heparana, Archips rosanus, Adoxophyes reticulana [Adoxophyes orana], Hoplocampa testudinea, Anthonomus pomorum, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus [Diaspidiotus perniciosus] and Panonychus ulmi. Among the natural enemies of the fruit tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi) appearing in the orchards in the region, the most important was the predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni. Chitin synthesis inhibitors (diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, chlorpyrifos-methyl, bensultap, pirimicarb, phosalone and paraffin oil) were used to control these pests. Mostly fungicides of the DMI group (difenoconazole, hexaconazole, kresoxim-methyl, separately or in combination with zineb) were used. Integrated plant protection of apples is based on: using cultivars practically resistant to scab and powdery mildew; using lightly toxic pesticides, but ones having a longer post-effect during the first months of the vegetation period to protect the beneficial fauna; using pheromone traps for monitoring important pests; using the pesticide of "green" and "yellow" list. Using the integrated plant protection of apple will bring the control to a modern level in terms of obtaining ecological products and achieving environment preservation in accordance with the requirements of the European standards for integrated fruit production.