Du Toit, W.J. 1996 Integrated pest management of citrus in the eastern Cape: a review.. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture I: 526-529.

Notes: [VIII International Citrus Congress, 12-17 May 1996, Sun City, South Africa.] More than 90% of citrus cultivation in the eastern Cape is still under chemical control for red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), which is considered to be the key pest. Organophosphates such as parathion were used for at least three decades until replaced by insect growth regulators such as buprofezin (Applaud) and pyripoxyfen (Nemesis). Under these circumstances, the parasitoids of red scale i.e. Aphytis africanus Quednau, Aphytis melinus De Bach and Comperiella bifasciata Howard, are unable to control this pest on a commercial level. Biological control of red scale by means of augmentative releases of +/- 30,000 parasitoids per hectare, mainly A. lingnanensis-coheni, was applied for the first time during the 1994/95 season in the Sundays River Valley, with excellent results.