Domínguez, J., Vidal, E., Zarzo, M., Pina, T., & Verdú, M.J. 2003 Efficacy of the mineral oils Sunspray UltrafineR and Ivenol-GR on California red scale Aonidiella aurantii.. Bulletin OILB/SROP (Sect. Reg. Ouest Palearctique) 26(6): 119.

Notes: [Integrated control in citrus fruit crops. Proceedings of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group, Valencia, Spain, 6-8 November, 2002. Garcia-Marí, F. (Ed.) Publisher: International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (OIBC/OILB), West Palaearctic Regional Section (WPRS/SROP).] Mineral oils are considered, mainly, contact insecticides. They penetrate a short distance into the main tracheal trunks and kill the insect by interference with respiration. They have been recommended against scale insects for years, with their use limited only by the risk of phytotoxicity. Sunspray Ultrafine is a paraffinic mineral oil (85% p/v), while Ivenol-GR is a white oil (72% p/v). Spray applications were conducted with Potter equipment at different volumes, 1.5% oil concentration and 0.5 bar air pressure. California red scale is a citrus pest of great economic importance, and resistance to organophosphate insecticides has been documented. Oil treatments are recommended when a biological control programme is established in the area. Oils were applied to lemons in València, Spain, infested with the following red scale stages: pupa-prepupa, moult II, young female and gravid female. Efficacy was positively correlated with the volume increase and negatively correlated with the red scale size. Sunspray Ultrafine was more effective in all aspects than Ivenol-GR.