Cooper, D.D., & Cranshaw, W.S. 1999 The natural enemy complex associated with pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera : Diaspididae), in north central Colorado.. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 72(1): 131-133.

Notes: Surveys of the natural enemy complex associated with pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) were conducted 1993-1995 in the northern Front Range area of north central Colorado. Four species of endoparasitoids were recovered from pine needle scale in Colorado: Coccophagus flavifrons Howard, Coccobius varicornis (Howard), Prospaltella bella (Gahan) and an Encarsia sp., with C. flavifrons and C. varicornis being most abundant. May surveys of average percent parasitism by all species, at all sites, averaged 14, 18.3, and 28 percent in 1993, 1994, and 1995 respectively. Also recovered from less than one percent of laboratory reared samples was a secondary hyperparasite, Marietta pulchella (Howard). Two species of predatory coccinellids were observed in association with north central Colorado pine needle scale colonies. By far the most abundant was Coccidophilus atronitens (Casey). During May surveys predation of pine needle scale by this species averaged 13.3, 8.7, and 14.7 percent in 1993, 1994, and 1995, respectively. Very rarely, and only in association with very high scale populations, the twice stabbed lady beetle, Chilocorus stigma (Say), was observed. Predaceous mites (Hemisarcoptes sp.) were present at all sites, producing approximately 3 percent mortality of pine needle scale in the 1994 survey.