Canhilal, R., Uygun, N., & Carner, G.R. 2001 Effects of temperature on development and reproduction of a predatory beetle, Nephus includens Kirsch (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 18(2): 117-125.

Notes: The effect of different temperatures on some biological properties of Nephus includens Kirsch (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was investigated. This species is one of the most important predators of Planococcus citri Risso (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). The development time, mortality and fecundity were determined at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35degreeC and at the variable temperatures, 25-35degreeC (12 hours 25degreeC, 12 hours 35degreeC). Life tables were also constructed for 25, 30, 35, and 25-35degreeC. The mortality was lower and the mean generation time was shorter at 30degreeC than at all other temperatures except 35degreeC. The intrinsic rate of increase was the highest at 30degreeC (0.081), followed by 0.076 at 25-35degreeC. The net reproductive rate was higher at 25-35degreeC than at 30degreeC. From biological data and population growth parameters calculated from the life tables, 30degreeC and 25-35degreeC were determined to be the most suitable temperatures for mass rearing of Nephus includens. However, mass rearing at a temperature as high as 35degreeC could cause deterioration of sprouted potatoes on which the citrus mealybug is reared. Therefore, 30degreeC would be better than 25-35degreeC.