Bianchi, A., Guarino, L., Maffeo, E., & Pacchiacucchi, A. 1995 Osservazioni su Pseudaulacaspis pentagona e i suoi nemici naturali. [Observations on Pseudaulacaspis pentagona and its natural enemies].. Informatore Agrario 51: 45, 47-50.

Notes: The biology of the diaspidid Pseudaulacaspis pentagona and its parasitoids was studied in kiwifruit fields in Lazio, Italy, in 1992-93. The most active parasitoids were the aphelinids Encarsia berlesei and Aphytis proclia. P. pentagona had 3 generations a year and overwintered as an adult female. The 1st generation started in early March, the 2nd in mid-June and the 3rd in early August. E. berlesei and A. proclia were particularly active in spring, from April to the end of June, with rates of parasitism ranging from 17 to 35% for E. berlesei and from 36 to 56% for A. proclia. Rates of parasitism were also high in the autumn, especially for E. berlesei, but tended to be low from July to August (when the 2nd generation of P. pentagona was present) owing to high temperatures and low humidities. E. berlesei parasitized more mature females than 2nd-stage nymphs of the diaspidid. For control of P. pentagona, it is suggested that E. berlesei is released just after the adult moult but before oviposition has started.