Bénassy, C., & Pinet, C. 1972 Notes bio-ecologiques sur Unaspis yanonensis Kuw. (Homoptera, Diaspidinae) dans Les Alpes-Maritimes.. Annales de Zoologie - Ecologie Animale 4: 187-212.

Notes: Unaspis yanonensis (Kuw.) has spread outwards from the immediate area round Beaulieu-sur-Mer, in the French Department of Alpes-Maritimes, where it was first found in 1963, and is now present on Citrus throughout the coastal zone between Villefranche-sur-Mer and the outskirts of Eze-sur-Mer. Greenhouse and field studies were carried out to determine the nature of the damage caused to Citrus in this area. The greenhouse observations were made on artificially infested young orange trees in pots. Males were present in all the populations. The ratio of males to females averaged 2.5-3:1 in the first generation and 1.6:1 in the second. The male crawlers settled in groups mainly on the lower surfaces of the leaves, and the leaves dried up when the density reached 190-250/cm2. The female crawlers dispersed more widely than the males and settled on both surfaces of the leaves, generally along the principal veins, and on the branches. Circular blotches developed round the areas where the females fed and 10-15 females/leaf generally resulted in almost total necrosis. Although some varieties were more susceptible than others, the sequence of infestation and damage was always the same. Withering of the leaves and branches was followed by attacks on the fruit and the inhibition of growth was reflected in the production of fewer and smaller fruits and shorter branches. Finally, all growth ceased and young trees died. It appeared that populations of more than 40/cm2 leaf area or 30/cm2 branch caused complete withering. The progressive development of a population and its dispersal were studied in detail in the greenhouse and seasonal development was studied in the field in two Citrus plantings at Bealieu. It was noted that infestation was heaviest on the north-facing parts of the trees and more severe in the central than the upper part of the crown. There were two generations a year, the crawlers being present in April and July. Natural mortality reached 40.77-42.74% in the first generation and 59.23-57.26 in the second. The only parasite observed was Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Craw), which parasitised 2-4% of the population.