Bellows, T.S., & Morse, J.G. 1988 Residual toxicity following dilute or low-volume applications of insecticides used for control of California red scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) to four beneficial species in a citrus agroecosystem.. Journal of Economic Entomology 81(3): 892-898.

Notes: The impact of field-weathered residues of carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, methidathion and parathion, applied as either low-volume or dilute treatments, on 4 beneficial species, the aphelinid Aphytis melinus, the coccinellid Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, the phytoseiid Euseius stipulatus and the encyrtid Metaphycus helvolus, was studied in the field on lemons in California. Chemical assays indicated generally rapid dissipation of materials (9- to 150-fold decrease in seven days). In general, low-volume applications resulted in greater pesticide residue levels and greater natural enemy mortality than dilute treatments. Of the four species evaluated, C. montrouzieri was the least affected by residues; only carbaryl caused high initial mortality. For the remaining species, mortality dropped below 50% after three days following dilute treatments and after 3-27 days for low-volume applications.