Alstad, D.N., & Edmunds, G.F. 1983a Adaptation, host specificity and gene flow in the black pineleaf scale.. Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural and Managed Systems. Academic Press New York

Notes: Abstract: This chapter covers density dependence, the relationship of colonizing ability to density, survivorship patterns and the scale sex ratio, a genetic model of adaptation and specificity, and implications of genetic variation.